Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) and bitter rot (BR) are severe diseases of apple. Colletotrichum nymphaeae and Colletotrichum chrysophillum are the main species in Brazil. To control GLS and BR in Brazilian apple orchards, mancozeb and thiophanate-methyl fungicides are still used despite reported Colletotrichum resistance to these active ingredients. In addition, mancozeb has been banned from apple-importing countries and it has been a great challenge for apple producers to find products for its replacement that are eco-friendly. So, this study aimed to search for alternatives to control the diseases. We assessed the antifungal activity of eugenol, isoeugenol, thymol, carvacrol, and some of their ester derivatives. The best products to inhibit the pathogen in in vitro assays were thymol, thymol butyrate, and carvacrol, completely inhibiting mycelial growth at 125 mg L⁻¹ and conidial germination at 100 mg L⁻¹. In detached apple fruit, eugenol, eugenyl acetate, carvacryl acetate, and thymol butyrate, significantly reduced BR symptoms caused by Colletotrichum species with some variation between experiments and species, decreasing the risk of BR with the time compared to control. In detached leaves, all tested compounds significantly reduced the risk of development of GLS symptoms with disease control varying from 30 to 100%. The compounds tested are promising alternatives to replace fungicides to control bitter rot and Glomerella leaf spot on apple culture and should be tested for field conditions.

In annatto seeds, we find a healthy and nutritious pigment in the diet. Annatto seeds are grown in South and Central America and have been used for centuries as a natural food coloring. The Bixin pigment can be extracted after extracting the essential oil, adding more value to the seed. Essential oil also has great value in the industry. The identification of four cultivars of annatto seeds in the trade is important, and quick evaluation whit preserving the seeds as near-infrared techniques can be a good alternative. The current work investigated near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for annatto seeds and essential oil. The essential oil was extracted with the Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. NIR spectra were obtained from fresh seeds and after the essential oil extraction. The best pre-treatment was the second derivative for fresh seeds, and after oil extraction both the first and second derivatives are adequate. NIR spectroscopy showed the potential for discrimination of annatto seeds cultivars non-destructively.