The re-emergence of the monkeypox virus has come with many burdens on nations. This is partly after the effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 virus is subsiding. The burden of the monkeypox virus is seen even more in developing and third-world countries. Beyond the monkeypox virus re-emergence, there have also been several other viruses within the world and in Nigeria. This study assessed Nigeria’s preparedness and response to the re-emergence of the monkeypox virus. The Nigerian Government showed its preparedness in the fight against the monkeypox virus by bringing together both Human and Animal Health Sectors. It ensured interventions and programs were created. Among these is Surveillance Outbreak, Response, Management, and Analysis System, a Surveillance and monitoring intervention to manage any outbreak. A second intervention is the Emergency Operation Center. It is recommended that vaccines should be made available, personnel should be adequately trained, and improved diagnostics equipment be made available. Nigeria has had cases of the monkeypox virus, and we wanted to see how far it has come in its preparedness and how it will respond if the need arises. This study reviewed existing literature on Nigeria’s battle against the monkeypox virus in times past, the actions taken, and the programs developed.

The monkeypox outbreak has grown beyond the regions in which it was considered endemic. It has spread from central and west Africa to non-endemic regions like Europe, America, and other parts of the world. It has recently been classified as a public health emergency of international concern. This study evaluated the challenges faced globally and equitable access to monkeypox vaccines. Global competition has been observed in the race to obtain vaccines, with low- and middle-income countries being disadvantaged. Great inequity exists in the distribution of vaccines globally through advance purchase agreements, vaccine stockpiling, vaccine nationalism, the inequitable distribution of existing resources, and insufficient surveillance and reporting mechanisms. To address some of these challenges, there is a need for strengthening the global vaccine manufacturing capacity, targeting countries with elevated risk profiles and limited resources, strengthening surveillance systems, and addressing vaccine hesitancy.

Purpose of the Review This review examines the multifaceted barriers and facilitators influencing PrEP uptake among priority populations, including MSM, PWUD, sex workers, transgender individuals, and AGYW, with a focus on generating actionable recommendations for governments, providers, and community organisations to scale effective HIV prevention models globally. Recent Findings Despite PrEP's proven efficacy, uptake remains constrained by intersecting individual, provider, structural, and systemic barriers. Key challenges include limited awareness, misinformation, provider-level stigma, structural discrimination, legal repression, prohibitive costs, and healthcare inaccessibility, burdens that fall disproportionately on priority populations in low- and middle-income countries. Conversely, evidence from sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas demonstrates that community-led awareness campaigns, integration of PrEP into sexual and reproductive health services, long-acting injectable formulations, mobile clinics, peer support structures, and digital health and telemedicine tools meaningfully improve access and adherence, particularly among youth and rural populations. Policy-level interventions, including decriminalisation of sex work, same-sex relationships, and drug use, alongside subsidised access and inclusion in universal health coverage frameworks, are identified as critical enablers of equitable reach. Summary Achieving global HIV prevention targets requires more than biomedical innovation. This review underscores that rights-based, community-embedded, and culturally affirming strategies paired with structural reform and sustained investment are essential to expanding PrEP access and equity. PrEP must be positioned not merely as a clinical tool, but as a cornerstone of an equity-driven HIV prevention architecture.

The monkeypox outbreak has grown beyond the regions in which it was considered endemic. It has spread from Central and West Africa to non-endemic Regions like Europe, America, and other parts of the world. It has recently been classified as a public health emergency of international concern. This study evaluated the Challenges faced in Global and equitable access to monkeypox vaccines. Global competition has been observed in the race to get vaccines, with low and middle-income countries being disadvantaged. Great inequity exists in the distribution of vaccines globally through advance purchase agreements, vaccine stockpiling, vaccine nationalism, inequitable distribution of existing resources, and insufficient surveillance and reporting mechanisms. To address some of these challenges, there needs to be a global strengthening of vaccine manufacturing capacity, targeting countries with elevated risk profiles and limited resources, overcoming vaccine hesitancy, strengthening surveillance systems, and addressing vaccine hesitancy.

Background: Malaria remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly among children under five years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. Nigeria has the highest burden of malaria cases worldwide, accounting for 26% of all cases. The introduction of the R21/Matrix malaria vaccine is promising for reducing the malaria burden. However, vaccine awareness, perceptions, and willingness to pay among caregivers are key to ensuring successful rollout. This study assessed caregivers' awareness, perceptions, acceptability, and willingness to pay for the R21/MATRIX malaria vaccine in endemic communities in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 372 caregivers of children under five years of age. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select respondents from five malaria-endemic communities in Lagos. Data were collected via a semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were computed, and binary logistic regression was used to identify predictors of vaccine awareness, perception, and willingness to pay. Results: Awareness of the R21/MATRIX vaccine was low (9.7%), with the internet as the primary source of information. Positive perceptions of the vaccine were high, with 98.1% of caregivers believing it to be safe and effective. Acceptability was also high, as 76.6% of the caregivers indicated that they would "definitely" vaccinate their child. Willingness to pay was reported by 71.2% of the respondents, with 51.9% willing to pay between ₦1,001–₦5,000 per dose. The factors significantly associated with awareness included gender, marital status, and relationship with the child (p < 0.05). Higher household income and guardianship status increased the likelihood of willingness to pay (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Despite the low awareness of the R21/MATRIX malaria vaccine, caregivers demonstrated a strong positive perception, high acceptability, and moderate willingness to pay. Targeted community awareness campaigns focused on the benefits and safety of the vaccine are essential to improve knowledge of the vaccine in endemic communities.