Bu çalışma, buğday agro-ekosisteminde bitki koruma amaçlı kullanılan pestisitlerin ve odun sirkesi’ nin, kültür bitkisi üzerindeki arthropodlara etkisini tespit etmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma; Muş ili ekolojik şartlarında, 2014-2015 ve 2015-2016 üretim sezonlarında kışlık buğday tarlasında Tesadüf Blokları Deneme Desenine göre dört tekerrürlü ve çakılı olarak yürütülmüştür. Denemede yapılan ilaç uygulamaları (muameleler); sırt pülverizatörü yardımı ile BERCE Alparslan Tarım İşletmesinin buğdayda görülen hastalık, zararlı ve yabancı otlarla mücadelede kullandığı pestisitler ve uygulama takvimi takip edilerek yapılmıştır. Çalışmada; 1) pestisit uygulaması, 2) pestisit uygulamasına tekabül eden %0.5 - %1 - %2 - %3 - %4 ve %5 mL odun sirkesi uygulamaları ve 3) herhangi bir ilaç (pestisit ve odun sirkesi) uygulamasının yapılmadığı kontrol uygulaması şeklinde yapılmıştır. Kontrole göre, yapılan uygulamaların (pestisit ve odun sirkesi) kültür bitkisi üzerindeki ortalama arthropod sayısını etkilediği ve yapılan Basit Uyum Analizleri sonucunda söz konusu uygulamalar ile dikkate alınan özellikler arasında genel olarak anlamlı ilişkilerin bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, 2015’e göre 2016’da kültür bitkisi üzerindeki arthropodların sayıca daha çok olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak; özellikle bu çalışmada kullanılan odun sirkesinin, biyopestisit ile repellant (kovucu) etkilerinin tespiti için kontrollü şartlarda ve farklı doz ile sıklıklarda denenmesinin faydalı olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

In this study, the effects of some pesticides and wood vinegar on free-living nematode trophic groups common in soil were investigated in a wheat field. Field experiments were conducted in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 growing seasons in a winter wheat field with a randomized block design with four replicates in Muş Province, Turkey. The treatments were consisted of; 1) pesticide application (i.e., chemicals used for all wheat diseases, weeds and pests in the region), 2) 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% ml wood vinegar, which equates to pesticide application, and 3) untreated control In the field, 19 genera and one order of nematodes were found from five nematode trophic groups. In 2014-2015 and 2015-2016, the number of predator nematodes were 25 and 136, and the number of the most common plant parasitic nematodes were 3012 and 3657, respectively. From first to second growing season, the number of omnivore nematodes decreased, whereas other nematode groups increased. According to a simple correspondence analysis, it was determined that generally, there were significant connections between the treatments, and the measured properties and nematode trophic groups.

Bu çalışma, buğday agro-ekosisteminde kullanılan pestisitler ve odun sirkesinin toprakta bulunan fungal ile bakteriyel mikroorganizmalar ve toprak pH ile EC değerlerine etkilerini araştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışma, 2014-2015 ve 2015-2016’da tarla denemesi şeklinde tesadüf blokları deneme deseninde dört tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Denemede kullanılan odun sirkesi ve pestisitler sırt pülverizatörü yardımıyla 1) pestisit muamelesi, 2) pestisit muamelesine karşılık gelen %0.5, %1, %2, %3, %4 ile %5 ml odun sirkesi muameleleri ve 3) sadece şebeke suyu verilen kontrol muameleleri şeklinde yapılmıştır. Deneme alanı toprak örneklerinden Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum ve Penicillium italicum mikrofungus türleri izole edilmiştir. Pestisit ve odun sirkesi muamelelerinin, araştırılan parametrelere etkisini belirlemek amacıyla tekrarlanan ölçümlü varyans analizi yapılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda, muamelelerin belirlenen özellikleri istatistiksel olarak önemli düzeylerde etkilemediği (P>0.612), buna karşın muamele öncesi ve sonrası arasındaki farkların önemli olduğu görülmüştür (P=0.000). Sonuç olarak, kullanılan pestisit ve odun sirkesinin belirlenen parametreler üzerinde olumsuz bir etki göstermediği sonucuna varılabilir.

In agricultural activities, there is an increasing need for organic products as alternatives to chemical pesticides. Wood vinegar (WV, pyrolysis liquid) from these alternative potential products is produced as a result of the carbonization process in which it is obtained from organic wastes together with useful products such as energy and biochar. This study was carried out to determine the insecticidal effects of WVs produced from broiler chicken litter and nutshells on the harmful almond leaf wasp Cimbex quadrimaculata Müller, 1766 (Hymenoptera: Cimbicidae). The study was carried out in an almond orchard in Diyarbakır (Eğil district) and Elazığ (Keban district) in the 2019-2021 production seasons. WV mixed solutions (1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 10% and 25%) were applied with a back sprayer at the beginning and end of leafing in contaminated almond orchards. The effects of the applications were determined by impact and visual control methods on the 1st, 7th, 14th and 21st. In the analysis of the obtained data, first of all, normality test was performed. In the analysis of the obtained data, the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied. In conclusion; It has been determined that WV-added solutions have a insecticidal effect against harmful almond leaf bees, and the highest decrease in the number of larvae occurs at doses of 10% to 25%. It is important to test these vinegars in different locations with more detailed studies and to conduct detailed bioecological studies depending on the climatic factors and population ecology of the pest in terms of alternative control of the pest. The data of this study contain basic data for almond integrated pest management (IPM) studies.

Almond moth (Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein) is one of the most important pests of almond. Pest ratio can be as high as 95% in some areas in case it is not fought against. The study was conducted to determine the preferences of Almond moth for some almond varieties (Ferragnes, Ferraduel, Nonpareil, Drake, Cristomorto and Garrigues) in the years 2017 and 2018. Furthermore, times of emerging of the pest in Malatya Province and the number of individuals emerging from damages fruits based on years were determined. Cage observations were carried out and fruits were counted under field conditions and were related to meteorological data. It was fund in the study that the smallest contamination rate of E. amygdali was in Ferragnes variety (81%) followed by Cristomorto variety (%85). The highest contamination rate, however, was found in Nonpareil variety (97%). While the rate of emerging of the pests as adults in year one was 89.3%, rate of individuals passing down to the next generation was 10.6%. It was found in the study that the time of emergence as adults of Almond moth in Malatya was the end of April when the maximum air temperature was 25oC and the daily mean temperature is higher than 15oC, and when the temperatures are routinely around these levels.