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Dr. Clive Julian Phillips
Curtin University Sustainable Policy Institute

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0 Animal Ethics
0 animal welfare systems
0 livestock production
0 livestock behaviour
0 heavy metals in livestock

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Animal Ethics
livestock production
livestock behaviour
heavy metals in livestock

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Correction
Published: 04 August 2021 in Animals
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The authors wish to make the following correction to this paper

ACS Style

Francesca Carnovale; Clive Phillips. Correction: Carnovale, F.; Phillips, C.J.C. The Effects of Heat Stress on Sheep Welfare during Live Export Voyages from Australia to the Middle East. Animals 2020, 10, 694. Animals 2021, 11, 2297 .

AMA Style

Francesca Carnovale, Clive Phillips. Correction: Carnovale, F.; Phillips, C.J.C. The Effects of Heat Stress on Sheep Welfare during Live Export Voyages from Australia to the Middle East. Animals 2020, 10, 694. Animals. 2021; 11 (8):2297.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francesca Carnovale; Clive Phillips. 2021. "Correction: Carnovale, F.; Phillips, C.J.C. The Effects of Heat Stress on Sheep Welfare during Live Export Voyages from Australia to the Middle East. Animals 2020, 10, 694." Animals 11, no. 8: 2297.

Book review
Published: 22 July 2021 in Animals
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Cows are divine beings in Indian culture, a philosophy that is an important part of the Hindu faith. Although shared with other non-human animals, the focus on cows is well established in historical literature and is currently growing with a pattern of cow vigilantism in the country to try to enforce ethical standards in cattle keeping systems. The Indian attitudes to cows are considered in a new book by Kenneth Valpey, ‘Cow Care in Hindu Animal Ethics’. The content is highly relevant today, at a time when cattle farming is the subject of widespread concern in the West as a result of their contribution to environmental pollution; wasteful use of resources; and ethically questionable practices, such as male calf slaughter, reproduction control, and poor cow welfare. The contrast with systems predominating in the West, where cattle are essentially commodities from which products are obtained, is considered in this review of Valpey’s book. The development of a cow care culture, in which only cow milk surplus to her calf’s requirements is used for human consumption and cows are allowed to live out their natural life, is advocated. Whilst such a philosophy could usefully improve cattle care on a broad scale, the logical conclusion of extending human style citizenship to cows is that either human consumption of cattle products must reduce or more resources must be devoted to cows at the expense of other animals, including humans. There is evidence of the former, with a substitution of chicken meat for beef on a broad scale, and the prospect of laboratory-grown meat in the near future. In a small number of countries, meat consumption is already declining. These changes, coupled with a greater attention to cattle welfare practices, could herald a more ethical commensal relationship between cattle and humans in the future.

ACS Style

Clive Phillips. Are There Lessons from India about the Management of Cattle? A Review of ‘Cow Care in Hindu Animal Ethics’ by Kenneth R. Valpey. Animals 2021, 11, 2175 .

AMA Style

Clive Phillips. Are There Lessons from India about the Management of Cattle? A Review of ‘Cow Care in Hindu Animal Ethics’ by Kenneth R. Valpey. Animals. 2021; 11 (8):2175.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clive Phillips. 2021. "Are There Lessons from India about the Management of Cattle? A Review of ‘Cow Care in Hindu Animal Ethics’ by Kenneth R. Valpey." Animals 11, no. 8: 2175.

Journal article
Published: 26 June 2021 in Animals
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We aimed to study the gaps between the law and sheep farmer and citizen opinions regarding animal maltreatment by discussing the risk of sheep maltreatment in regular farming practices in Southern Brazil. We surveyed the perception of 56 farmers and 209 citizens regarding general animal and specific on-farm sheep maltreatment issues. The main themes from these two groups about the key components of animal maltreatment were similar: failing to provide for the basic animal needs (27.0%; 96 of 355 total quotes) and aggression or physical abuse (23.9%; 85/355). However, citizens (19.8%; 60/303) were more sensitive than farmers (9.6%; 5/52) to animal stress, suffering, fear, pain or painful procedures (p< 0.05). The perspective of citizens was closer than that of farmers to expert definitions for three situations: emaciation, movement restriction and tail docking without anesthetic use (p< 0.05). More citizens (71.6%; 116/162) than sheep farmers (49.0%; 24/49) believed that animal maltreatment occurs in sheep farming (p< 0.05), but nearly half of the farmers recognized sheep maltreatment within regular production practices. Most citizens (86.4%; 140/162) and all farmers (100.0%; 0/51) were unaware of any Brazilian animal protection law. Most citizens (79%; 131/167) stated that they would not purchase products from animals exposed to maltreatment. We suggest painful procedures as a major risk of animal maltreatment in sheep farming and a priority issue. With the many decades of animal protection laws and scientific recognition of animal sentience and welfare requirements, the level of cognitive dissonance and practical contradictions observed in our results indicate that mitigation policies are urgently needed.

ACS Style

Vanessa Soriano; Clive Phillips; Cesar Taconeli; Alessandra Fragoso; Carla Molento. Mind the Gap: Animal Protection Law and Opinion of Sheep Farmers and Lay Citizens Regarding Animal Maltreatment in Sheep Farming in Southern Brazil. Animals 2021, 11, 1903 .

AMA Style

Vanessa Soriano, Clive Phillips, Cesar Taconeli, Alessandra Fragoso, Carla Molento. Mind the Gap: Animal Protection Law and Opinion of Sheep Farmers and Lay Citizens Regarding Animal Maltreatment in Sheep Farming in Southern Brazil. Animals. 2021; 11 (7):1903.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vanessa Soriano; Clive Phillips; Cesar Taconeli; Alessandra Fragoso; Carla Molento. 2021. "Mind the Gap: Animal Protection Law and Opinion of Sheep Farmers and Lay Citizens Regarding Animal Maltreatment in Sheep Farming in Southern Brazil." Animals 11, no. 7: 1903.

Journal article
Published: 24 June 2021 in Animals
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The provision and quality of bedding materials affect the behaviour, welfare, and health of dairy cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate the preference, behaviour, cleanliness, and physiological status of cows on three bedding materials, peanut shells, rice husks, and a combination of two-thirds peanut shells, one-third rice husk. In an initial experiment, 15 nonlactating, pregnant Holstein cows had free access to all 3 bedding treatments for 39 d. Cows spent more time lying down on rice husk (337 min/d) than on peanut–rice combination (212 min/d) and peanut shell (196 min/d) (p< 0.05), and lay down most often on rice husk (4.35 bouts/d) than on peanut shell (2.55 bouts/d) (p< 0.05) but did not differ between peanut shells and peanut–rice combinations in terms of lying time and lying bouts. In Experiment 2, 12 nonlactating cows were used to assess the effects of the 3 bedding materials on dairy cow behaviour, cleanliness, serum indicators, and productivity. The total duration of lying down (PS: 699.1 min/d, PRC: 645.6 min/d, RH: 852.5 min/d), the frequency of bouts of lying down (PS: 8.7 bouts/d, PRC: 7.6 bouts/d, RH: 11.1 bouts/d), and the mean duration of lying bouts (PS: 83.5 min/bouts, PRC: 91.8 min/bouts, RH: 81.4 min/bouts) did not differ between treatments. Similarly, no differences in eating or drinking behaviour of dairy cows were observed. In terms of hygiene, cleanliness scores did not differ between the three bedding materials, but udder and flank cleanliness decreased and improved, respectively. In addition, treatments did not affect serum metabolites or productivity of the cows. In summary, daily behaviour, serum metabolites, and productivity of dairy cows were all within the normal range, and no statistical differences occurred between the three bedding materials, although cows showed a preference for rice husk when given access to all three bedding materials at the same time. Finally, the results suggest that bedding comprised of peanut shells and peanut–rice combinations are all suitable for maintaining the health and comfort of dairy cows.

ACS Style

Pengtao Li; Amin Cai; Kris Descovich; Tong Fu; Hongxia Lian; Tengyun Gao; Clive Phillips. A Comparison of Rice Husks and Peanut Shells as Bedding Materials on Dairy Cows’ Preferences, Behaviour, and Health. Animals 2021, 11, 1887 .

AMA Style

Pengtao Li, Amin Cai, Kris Descovich, Tong Fu, Hongxia Lian, Tengyun Gao, Clive Phillips. A Comparison of Rice Husks and Peanut Shells as Bedding Materials on Dairy Cows’ Preferences, Behaviour, and Health. Animals. 2021; 11 (7):1887.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pengtao Li; Amin Cai; Kris Descovich; Tong Fu; Hongxia Lian; Tengyun Gao; Clive Phillips. 2021. "A Comparison of Rice Husks and Peanut Shells as Bedding Materials on Dairy Cows’ Preferences, Behaviour, and Health." Animals 11, no. 7: 1887.

Journal article
Published: 07 June 2021 in Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens
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The conservation status of great apes (chimpanzees Pan troglodytes, gorillas Gorilla sp., orangutans Pongo sp., and bonobos Pan paniscus) is grave and zoological institutions are vital for maintaining numbers of these species and educating the public about their importance. Technology provides tools that can assist zoos in meeting these objectives. However, the extant research on technology use in zoos is potentially constrained by small sample sizes and there is no framework detailing the methodologies necessary for the successful incorporation of technology into great ape management. Therefore, this study aimed to determine current technology use in the management of captive great apes and whether technology-directed behaviour differs between ape genera. Primary carers of great apes in zoos were surveyed using a 43-question, online questionnaire. The purpose of integrating interactive technology into captive ape management was primarily for enrichment (53% of respondents), followed by research (20% of respondents). However, only 25% of respondents had apes directly engaged with technology. There were no differences in technology-directed behaviours between ape genera. By identifying differences in practice, this research marks the initial stage in developing a best practice framework for using technology.

ACS Style

Caitlin Ford; Liz Bellward; Clive Phillips; Kris Descovich. Use of Interactive Technology in Captive Great Ape Management. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 2021, 2, 300 -315.

AMA Style

Caitlin Ford, Liz Bellward, Clive Phillips, Kris Descovich. Use of Interactive Technology in Captive Great Ape Management. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens. 2021; 2 (2):300-315.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Caitlin Ford; Liz Bellward; Clive Phillips; Kris Descovich. 2021. "Use of Interactive Technology in Captive Great Ape Management." Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 2, no. 2: 300-315.

Journal article
Published: 02 June 2021 in Animals
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Low temperatures can provide a risk to the welfare of sheep during transport because of increased ventilation chilling the sheep, and we examined the importance of three factors—covering the vehicle, duration of transport, and feeding prior to transport—on the welfare of sixty transported 4-month-old Dorper × Mongolian female sheep in a cold climate. Sheep in a covered vehicle had greater increases in head and ear temperatures than those in an open vehicle. Sheep transported for 2 h increased their leg temperatures, whereas those transported for 1 h had reduced leg temperatures. Increases in non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the blood samples during the long transport suggested that sheep had more muscular and metabolic activity, compromising their well-being. Feeding prior to transport did not affect body temperatures, but those not fed prior to transport had reduced alanine transferase, HSP and cortisol in their blood, whereas those that were fed had reduced NEFAs, LDH and creatine kinase. Prior feeding had no effect on the sheep temperature indices over a two-hour transport period. Thus, the sheep most at risk of the adverse effects of cold temperatures were those transported in open vehicles, those transported for a longer time, and those not fed before transport.

ACS Style

Francesca Carnovale; Jin Xiao; Binlin Shi; Tanel Kaart; David Arney; Clive Phillips. The Effects of Vehicle Type, Transport Duration and Pre-Transport Feeding on the Welfare of Sheep Transported in Low Temperatures. Animals 2021, 11, 1659 .

AMA Style

Francesca Carnovale, Jin Xiao, Binlin Shi, Tanel Kaart, David Arney, Clive Phillips. The Effects of Vehicle Type, Transport Duration and Pre-Transport Feeding on the Welfare of Sheep Transported in Low Temperatures. Animals. 2021; 11 (6):1659.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francesca Carnovale; Jin Xiao; Binlin Shi; Tanel Kaart; David Arney; Clive Phillips. 2021. "The Effects of Vehicle Type, Transport Duration and Pre-Transport Feeding on the Welfare of Sheep Transported in Low Temperatures." Animals 11, no. 6: 1659.

Research article
Published: 12 May 2021 in British Poultry Science
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1. The effects of housing system and stocking density on growth performance and carcase yield of a commercial strain of broiler chickens reared under tropical environmental conditions may differ from temperate conditions. 2. In two experimental periods, carried out during two contrasting seasons of the year (winter and summer), 240 Cobb 500 male chickens were randomly assigned in groups of 60 to 1 of 4 treatments, with 6 replicates in each, low stocking density with outdoor access (LO, 5 birds/m2); high stocking density with outdoor access (HO, 10 birds/m2); low stocking density indoors (LI, 5 birds/m2); high stocking density indoors (HI, 10 birds/m2). From 21 to 42 d old, body weight (BW) and feed intake (FI) were weekly recorded. Mortality was measured daily and carcase weight at slaughter. Indoor and outdoor temperature and relative humidity were measured daily. 3. There was a tendency for chickens raised in the outdoor access to be heavier than those raised in the indoor treatments. Chickens raised in the low-density treatments in the first experimental period were significantly heavier, gained more weight and had lower value for feed conversion ratio (FCR) than those reared at high density. In the second experimental period mortality significantly increased on week 4 due to heat stress. Birds raised with outdoor access had an increased carcase yield compared to those raised exclusively indoors. 4. In conclusion, low stocking density in combination with low environmental temperatures had enhancing effects on BW, BWG, FI and FCR, and the effects of housing system depended on stocking density. Low stocking density and outdoor access had positive effects on carcase yield.

ACS Style

R. Sanchez-Casanova; L. Sarmiento-Franco; C. Phillips. The effects of outdoor access and stocking density on the performance of broilers reared under tropical conditions. British Poultry Science 2021, 1 -6.

AMA Style

R. Sanchez-Casanova, L. Sarmiento-Franco, C. Phillips. The effects of outdoor access and stocking density on the performance of broilers reared under tropical conditions. British Poultry Science. 2021; ():1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Sanchez-Casanova; L. Sarmiento-Franco; C. Phillips. 2021. "The effects of outdoor access and stocking density on the performance of broilers reared under tropical conditions." British Poultry Science , no. : 1-6.

Journal article
Published: 11 May 2021 in Animals
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Identifying key welfare issues for thoroughbred racehorses could lead to an improvement in standards. A lack of scientific information on the relative importance of key issues was addressed by soliciting the views of, first, welfare experts in the industry and, second, a broader group of stakeholders, who selected the best welfare options by adaptive conjoint analysis. The experts represented racehorse breeders, veterinarians, trainers, owners, government officials, salespeople, farriers, transporters, and horse re-trainers for post-racing activities. In a focus group meeting, the experts identified fourteen key welfare issues, each with two to four levels that related to common husbandry practices. Then, in an internet survey, 224 stakeholders ranked the issues using adaptive conjoint analysis, in declining importance, as: horsemanship > health and disease > education of the horse > track design and surface > ventilation > stabling > weaning > transport > nutrition > wastage > heat and humidity > whips > environment > gear. Relatively uniform responses to the survey by the different stakeholder groups suggested that there was a common view on what had the biggest impact on welfare. An exception was a greater rating given by women than men to the importance of correct horse nutrition. The rating of importance for welfare of different levels of provision of each issue mostly conformed to the scientific evidence, with the exception of weaning. This understanding of the importance of welfare issues for thoroughbred racehorses could be used to target interventions to the most serious problems.

ACS Style

Glen Mactaggart; Natalie Waran; Clive Phillips. Identification of Thoroughbred Racehorse Welfare Issues by Industry Stakeholders. Animals 2021, 11, 1358 .

AMA Style

Glen Mactaggart, Natalie Waran, Clive Phillips. Identification of Thoroughbred Racehorse Welfare Issues by Industry Stakeholders. Animals. 2021; 11 (5):1358.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Glen Mactaggart; Natalie Waran; Clive Phillips. 2021. "Identification of Thoroughbred Racehorse Welfare Issues by Industry Stakeholders." Animals 11, no. 5: 1358.

Psychology
Published: 14 April 2021 in Frontiers in Psychology
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Human personality influences the way people interact with dogs. This study investigated the associations between the personality of animal shelter volunteers and behavior during on-leash walks with shelter dogs. Video recording and a canine leash tension meter were used to monitor the on-leash walking. Personality was measured in five dimensions (neurotic, extroverted, open, agreeable and conscientious) with the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Neurotic volunteers pulled the leash harder and tended to interact with dogs using more body language; dogs being walked by neurotic volunteers in turn displayed more lip-licking and body shaking and were more likely to be rated as well-behaved. Extroverted volunteers were associated with stronger maximal leash tension at both the human and dog ends of the leash, and they praised the dog more, often in a high pitched voice. These volunteers eliciting more tail-wagging and body shaking by the dog. Extroverted volunteers were also more tolerant of different dog behaviors. Volunteers with personalities characterized by “openness to experiences” were less likely to verbally attract the attention of dogs, praise dogs and talk to them in a high-pitched voice; however, dogs walked by these volunteers were more likely to pull on the leash, and engaged in more lip-licking but less sniffing. “Agreeable” volunteers liked to verbally attract the attention of the dogs and more commonly initiated hand gestures and physical contact, causing the dogs to pull less frequently; dogs in these dyads displayed more gazing and lip-licking behaviors. Conscientious volunteers were less likely to pull the leash and tended to have more physical contact with the dogs but did not favor verbal communication and did not use a high pitched voice.

ACS Style

Hao-Yu Shih; Mandy B. A. Paterson; Fillipe Georgiou; Leander Mitchell; Nancy A. Pachana; Clive J. C. Phillips. Two Ends of the Leash: Relations Between Personality of Shelter Volunteers and On-leash Walking Behavior With Shelter Dogs. Frontiers in Psychology 2021, 12, 1 .

AMA Style

Hao-Yu Shih, Mandy B. A. Paterson, Fillipe Georgiou, Leander Mitchell, Nancy A. Pachana, Clive J. C. Phillips. Two Ends of the Leash: Relations Between Personality of Shelter Volunteers and On-leash Walking Behavior With Shelter Dogs. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021; 12 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hao-Yu Shih; Mandy B. A. Paterson; Fillipe Georgiou; Leander Mitchell; Nancy A. Pachana; Clive J. C. Phillips. 2021. "Two Ends of the Leash: Relations Between Personality of Shelter Volunteers and On-leash Walking Behavior With Shelter Dogs." Frontiers in Psychology 12, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 25 March 2021 in Animals
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Worldwide, musculoskeletal injuries remain a major problem for the Thoroughbred racing industry. There is a strong interest in developing training and management strategies to reduce the impact of musculoskeletal injuries, however, progress has been limited by studies reporting conflicting findings, and a limited understanding of the role of different training methods in preventing injury. There is little data on patterns of rest periods and exercise data and how these vary between trainers. This prospective study of two-year-old racehorses was conducted in Queensland, Australia and involved weekly personal structured interviews with 26 trainers over 56 weeks. Detailed daily exercise data for 535 horses providing 1258 training preparations and 7512 weeks at risk were collected. Trainers were categorised into three groups by the mean number of two-year-old horses that they had in work each week over the study duration: (1) Small stables with five or less, (2) Medium stables with 6 to 15 and (3) Large stables with greater than 15 horses in training. Differences between trainers with small, medium and large stable sizes were evaluated using linear regression, Kruskal–Wallis equality-of-populations rank test if linear models were mis-specified or Chi-squared tests for categorical variables. Significant differences were observed between trainers, with horses from larger stables accumulating a greater high-speed exercise volume (p < 0.001), attaining training milestones more frequently (p = 0.01) and taking less time to reach their training milestones (p = 0.001). This study provides detailed data to which training practices from other locations can be compared. Presenting actual training data rather than trainers’ estimation of a typical program provides a more accurate assessment of training practices. Understanding how training practices vary between regions improves comparability of studies investigating risk factors and is an important step towards reducing the impact of musculoskeletal injuries.

ACS Style

Kylie Crawford; Anna Finnane; Ristan Greer; Clive Phillips; Emma Bishop; Solomon Woldeyohannes; Nigel Perkins; Benjamin Ahern. A Prospective Study of Training Methods for Two-Year-Old Thoroughbred Racehorses in Queensland, Australia, and Analysis of the Differences in Training Methods between Trainers of Varying Stable Sizes. Animals 2021, 11, 928 .

AMA Style

Kylie Crawford, Anna Finnane, Ristan Greer, Clive Phillips, Emma Bishop, Solomon Woldeyohannes, Nigel Perkins, Benjamin Ahern. A Prospective Study of Training Methods for Two-Year-Old Thoroughbred Racehorses in Queensland, Australia, and Analysis of the Differences in Training Methods between Trainers of Varying Stable Sizes. Animals. 2021; 11 (4):928.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kylie Crawford; Anna Finnane; Ristan Greer; Clive Phillips; Emma Bishop; Solomon Woldeyohannes; Nigel Perkins; Benjamin Ahern. 2021. "A Prospective Study of Training Methods for Two-Year-Old Thoroughbred Racehorses in Queensland, Australia, and Analysis of the Differences in Training Methods between Trainers of Varying Stable Sizes." Animals 11, no. 4: 928.

Journal article
Published: 18 March 2021 in Animals
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There are concerns about inclusion of antibiotics in the feed of broiler chickens, because of the development of antibiotic resistance, leading to a search for alternative feed additives. Turnip extract is known to have antibacterial properties but has not been tested in the diet of broiler chickens. We allocated 200 broiler chicks to receive one of four levels of turnip extract in their water, 0, 150, 300 or 450 ppm, or a standard antibiotic, Virginiamycin, over a 42-day growing period. Although initially there were detrimental effects of providing 450 ppm, overall the 150 ppm level of supplementation increased weight gain, compared with birds given Virginiamycin, and decreased gizzard weight. Birds given 150 ppm or Virginiamycin had increased low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and reduced very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) in their blood serum and reduced antibody responses to sheep red blood cells, compared to birds in the 450 ppm treatment. Birds given turnip extract at 450 ppm had fewer Gram-negative lactose and coliform bacteria than those provided with no turnip extract, and those provided with 150–300 ppm had the same as those provided with Virginiamycin. Turnip extract could potentially replace antibiotics included in the feed of broiler chickens for growth promotion and the control of bacterial infection of the gastrointestinal tract.

ACS Style

Reza Eghbaldost-Jadid; Mehran Nosrati; Behrouz Rasouli; Alireza Seidavi; Clive Phillips. The Effects of Turnip (Brassica rapa) Extract on the Growth Performance and Health of Broilers. Animals 2021, 11, 867 .

AMA Style

Reza Eghbaldost-Jadid, Mehran Nosrati, Behrouz Rasouli, Alireza Seidavi, Clive Phillips. The Effects of Turnip (Brassica rapa) Extract on the Growth Performance and Health of Broilers. Animals. 2021; 11 (3):867.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Reza Eghbaldost-Jadid; Mehran Nosrati; Behrouz Rasouli; Alireza Seidavi; Clive Phillips. 2021. "The Effects of Turnip (Brassica rapa) Extract on the Growth Performance and Health of Broilers." Animals 11, no. 3: 867.

Journal article
Published: 17 March 2021 in Animals
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Food-producing animals make up the majority of animals that humans manage globally, and China has been a major producer and exporter of animal products since the late 1990s. The opinions of the population in China regarding animal welfare are not as well understood as those in Europe. In China, animal welfare as a societal concern is still at an early stage of development. This survey of Chinese attitudes aimed to understand consumer knowledge of and behaviour towards animal welfare, and to determine whether harnessing consumer interests may be a potential future influence on the development of high-welfare agricultural production. Most participants were not aware of the meaning of animal welfare, but the number of those that were aware was higher than reported previously. The welfare of wild animals was rated particularly important compared to other animals. The links between welfare and the taste and/or safety of food were considered to be important, and Chinese consumers reported a willingness to pay more for food from animals produced in good welfare conditions, although the quality of the food was considered more important than the animal suffering. A large majority of the respondents reported that there should be legislation protecting animals and certification of welfare on farms, that animals on farms should be provided with enjoyable experiences and that transportation times should be minimised. Furthermore, most respondents reported that animals should be stunned before slaughter. We conclude that animal welfare is of importance to the Chinese consumer, in particular because of its connection to food quality.

ACS Style

Francesca Carnovale; Xiao Jin; David Arney; Kris Descovich; Wenliang Guo; Binlin Shi; Clive Phillips. Chinese Public Attitudes towards, and Knowledge of, Animal Welfare. Animals 2021, 11, 855 .

AMA Style

Francesca Carnovale, Xiao Jin, David Arney, Kris Descovich, Wenliang Guo, Binlin Shi, Clive Phillips. Chinese Public Attitudes towards, and Knowledge of, Animal Welfare. Animals. 2021; 11 (3):855.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francesca Carnovale; Xiao Jin; David Arney; Kris Descovich; Wenliang Guo; Binlin Shi; Clive Phillips. 2021. "Chinese Public Attitudes towards, and Knowledge of, Animal Welfare." Animals 11, no. 3: 855.

Journal article
Published: 21 January 2021 in Animals
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Musculoskeletal injuries (MSI) continue to affect Thoroughbred racehorses internationally. There is a strong interest in developing training and management strategies to reduce their impact, however, studies of risk factors report inconsistent findings. Furthermore, many injuries and fatalities occur during training rather than during racing, yet most studies report racing data only. By combining racing and training data a larger exposure to risk factors and a larger number of musculoskeletal injuries are captured and the true effect of risk factors may be more accurately represented. Furthermore, modifications to reduce the impact of MSI are more readily implemented at the training level. Our study aimed to: (1) determine the risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries and whether these are different for two-year-old and older horses and (2) determine whether risk factors vary with type of injury. This was performed by repeating analyses by age category and injury type. Data from 202 cases and 202 matched controls were collected through weekly interviews with trainers and analysed using conditional logistic regression. Increasing dam parity significantly reduced the odds of injury in horses of all age groups because of the effect in two-year-old horses (odds ratio (OR) 0.08; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.02, 0.36; p < 0.001). Increasing total preparation length is associated with higher odds of injury in horses of all ages (OR 5.56; 95% CI 1.59, 19.46; p = 0.01), but particularly in two-year-old horses (OR 8.05; 95% CI 1.92, 33.76; p = 0.004). Increasing number of days exercised at a slow pace decreased the odds of injury in horses of all ages (OR 0.09; 95% CI 0.03, 0.28; p < 0.001). The distance travelled at three-quarter pace and above (faster than 13 m/s; 15 s/furlong; 800 m/min; 48 km/h) and the total distance travelled at a gallop (faster than 15 m/s; 13 s/furlong; 900 m/min; 55 km/h) in the past four weeks significantly affected the odds of injury. There was a non-linear association between high-speed exercise and injury whereby the odds of injury initially increased and subsequently decreased as accumulated high-speed exercise distance increased. None of the racing career and performance indices affected the odds of injury. We identified horses in this population that have particularly high odds of injury. Two-year-old horses from primiparous mares are at increased odds of injury, particularly dorsal metacarpal disease. Two-year-old horses that have had a total preparation length of between 10 and 14 weeks also have increased odds of injury. Horses of all ages that travelled a total distance of 2.4–3.8 km (12–19 furlongs) at a gallop in the last four weeks and horses three years and older that travelled 3.0–4.8 km (15–24 furlongs) at three-quarter pace and above also have increased odds of injury. We recommend that these horses should be monitored closely for impending signs of injury. Increasing the number of days worked at a slow pace may be more effective for preventing injury, if horses are perceived at a higher risk, than resting the horse altogether. Early identification of horses at increased risk and appropriate intervention could substantially reduce the impact of musculoskeletal injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses.

ACS Style

Kylie Crawford; Anna Finnane; Clive Phillips; Ristan Greer; Solomon Woldeyohannes; Nigel Perkins; Lisa Kidd; Benjamin Ahern. The Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Injuries in Thoroughbred Racehorses in Queensland, Australia: How These Vary for Two-Year-Old and Older Horses and with Type of Injury. Animals 2021, 11, 270 .

AMA Style

Kylie Crawford, Anna Finnane, Clive Phillips, Ristan Greer, Solomon Woldeyohannes, Nigel Perkins, Lisa Kidd, Benjamin Ahern. The Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Injuries in Thoroughbred Racehorses in Queensland, Australia: How These Vary for Two-Year-Old and Older Horses and with Type of Injury. Animals. 2021; 11 (2):270.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kylie Crawford; Anna Finnane; Clive Phillips; Ristan Greer; Solomon Woldeyohannes; Nigel Perkins; Lisa Kidd; Benjamin Ahern. 2021. "The Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Injuries in Thoroughbred Racehorses in Queensland, Australia: How These Vary for Two-Year-Old and Older Horses and with Type of Injury." Animals 11, no. 2: 270.

Journal article
Published: 11 January 2021 in Animals
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There is international public concern regarding retirement of racehorses, including the reason for retirement and the outcome for horses after racing. However, there are currently no prospective studies investigating these factors. A recent independent inquiry in Queensland, Australia, highlighted that the true outcomes for horses after retirement from racing are largely unknown. Furthermore, there are currently no measures to monitor the outcome for racehorses and their welfare once they have left the care of the trainer. This study investigated these gaps in knowledge through a weekly survey conducted over a 13-month period. We aimed to evaluate: (1) the incidence of retirement, (2) the reasons and risk factors for retirement and (3) the medium-term (greater than 6 months) outcomes for horses after retirement. Data were collected through personal structured weekly interviews with participating trainers and analysed using negative binomial and logistic regression. There was a low incidence of retirements, namely 0.4% of horses in training per week. The season and training track did not affect the incidence of retirement. Musculoskeletal injuries were the most common reason for retirement (40/110 horses, 36%). Involuntary retirements accounted for 56/100 (51%) of retirements, whereby musculoskeletal injuries, respiratory or cardiac conditions and behavioural problems prevented the horse from racing The odds of voluntary retirement, whereby the horse was retired due to racing form or impending injury, increased with each additional race start (OR 1.05; p = 0.01) and start/year of racing (OR 1.21; p = 0.03) but decreased with increasing percentage of first, second and third places (OR 0.94; p < 0.001). Medium-term follow-up (median 14 months, IQR 11, 18, range 8–21) revealed that most horses (108/110; 98%) were repurposed after retirement, almost half as performance horses (50/110; 46%). Horses that voluntarily retired had 2.28 times the odds of being repurposed as performance horses than those retired involuntarily (p = 0.03). Whether retirement was voluntary or involuntary did not influence whether horses were used for breeding or pleasure. The primary limitation of this study is that our results reflect retirement in racehorses in South East Queensland, Australia, and may not be globally applicable. Furthermore, we were unable to monitor the long-term outcome and welfare of horses in their new careers. It is vital that the industry is focused on understanding the risks for voluntary rather than involuntary retirement and optimising the long-term repurposing of horses. There is a need for traceability and accountability for these horses to ensure that their welfare is maintained in their new careers.

ACS Style

Kylie L. Crawford; Anna Finnane; Ristan M. Greer; Clive J. C. Phillips; Solomon M. Woldeyohannes; Nigel R. Perkins; Benjamin J. Ahern. Appraising the Welfare of Thoroughbred Racehorses in Training in Queensland, Australia: The Incidence, Risk Factors and Outcomes for Horses after Retirement from Racing. Animals 2021, 11, 142 .

AMA Style

Kylie L. Crawford, Anna Finnane, Ristan M. Greer, Clive J. C. Phillips, Solomon M. Woldeyohannes, Nigel R. Perkins, Benjamin J. Ahern. Appraising the Welfare of Thoroughbred Racehorses in Training in Queensland, Australia: The Incidence, Risk Factors and Outcomes for Horses after Retirement from Racing. Animals. 2021; 11 (1):142.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kylie L. Crawford; Anna Finnane; Ristan M. Greer; Clive J. C. Phillips; Solomon M. Woldeyohannes; Nigel R. Perkins; Benjamin J. Ahern. 2021. "Appraising the Welfare of Thoroughbred Racehorses in Training in Queensland, Australia: The Incidence, Risk Factors and Outcomes for Horses after Retirement from Racing." Animals 11, no. 1: 142.

Review
Published: 02 January 2021 in Animals
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Cattle are susceptible to heat stress, especially those kept on high levels of nutrition for the purpose of maximising growth rates, which leads to a significant heat increment in their bodies. Consequences include compromised health and productivity and mortalities during extreme events, as well as serious economic loss. Some measures of heat stress, such as plasma cortisol and temperature in the rectum, vagina, or rumen, are invasive and therefore unlikely to be used on farms. These may cause additional stress to the animal due to handling, and that stress in itself can confound the measure. Consequently, it is desirable to find non-invasive alternatives. Panting score (PS), cortisol metabolites in faeces, milk, or hair, and the infrared temperature of external body surfaces are all potentially useful. Respiratory indicators are difficult and time consuming to record accurately, and cortisol metabolites are expensive and technically difficult to analyse. Infrared temperature appears to offer the best solution but requires further research to determine the thresholds that define when corrective actions are required to ensure optimal health and productivity. Research in this area has the potential to ultimately improve the welfare and profitability of cattle farming.

ACS Style

Musadiq Idris; Jashim Uddin; Megan Sullivan; David M. McNeill; Clive J. C. Phillips. Non-Invasive Physiological Indicators of Heat Stress in Cattle. Animals 2021, 11, 71 .

AMA Style

Musadiq Idris, Jashim Uddin, Megan Sullivan, David M. McNeill, Clive J. C. Phillips. Non-Invasive Physiological Indicators of Heat Stress in Cattle. Animals. 2021; 11 (1):71.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Musadiq Idris; Jashim Uddin; Megan Sullivan; David M. McNeill; Clive J. C. Phillips. 2021. "Non-Invasive Physiological Indicators of Heat Stress in Cattle." Animals 11, no. 1: 71.

Journal article
Published: 25 December 2020 in Animals
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Inappropriate leash reactivity is one of the most common problems in shelter dogs, which negatively affects the health of dogs and reduces their adoptability. We explored 370 human-dog interactions, involving 74 volunteers and 111 dogs, in an animal shelter when volunteers walked shelter dogs on a leash, considering the effects of canine demographics and the results of the shelter’s canine behavioural assessments. The interaction was video recorded and coded using ethograms, and a leash tension meter was used to measure the pull strength of dogs and handlers. Results showed that dogs that were more relaxed during the shelter assessment (i.e., when socialising with humans or being left alone in a new environment) were less reactive on the leash, with lower tension and pulling frequency. Moreover, socialised and relaxed dogs displayed more positive body language, such as tail in a high position, gazing at the handler, and exploring the environment. When walking with these dogs, volunteers utilised fewer verbal cues and body language during the walk. In addition to the canine behaviour assessment, there were correlations between canine demographics and the behavioural interaction and humans’ perception. Finally, volunteers perceived the walk as less satisfactory when they needed to pull the leash harder during the walk. This research suggests that the RSPCA behavioural assessment may be useful in predicting the behaviour of shelter dogs when walked by volunteers.

ACS Style

Hao-Yu Shih; Mandy B. A. Paterson; Fillipe Georgiou; Clive J. C. Phillips. Do Canine Behavioural Assessments and Characteristics Predict the Human-Dog Interaction When Walking on a Leash in a Shelter Setting? Animals 2020, 11, 26 .

AMA Style

Hao-Yu Shih, Mandy B. A. Paterson, Fillipe Georgiou, Clive J. C. Phillips. Do Canine Behavioural Assessments and Characteristics Predict the Human-Dog Interaction When Walking on a Leash in a Shelter Setting? Animals. 2020; 11 (1):26.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hao-Yu Shih; Mandy B. A. Paterson; Fillipe Georgiou; Clive J. C. Phillips. 2020. "Do Canine Behavioural Assessments and Characteristics Predict the Human-Dog Interaction When Walking on a Leash in a Shelter Setting?" Animals 11, no. 1: 26.

Journal article
Published: 23 December 2020 in Animals
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Confinement can be stressful for some dogs and this can lead to behavioural issues and poor welfare. A key component of the stress response is behavioural arousal, characterised by increased alertness and sensory sensitivity. This makes behavioural observations a useful tool to assess stress, as they provide insight into an animal’s internal state. Auditory enrichment has been shown to reduce arousal-related behaviour in dogs, but it is not clear if specific characteristics of a music track, such as tempo and/or pitch, produce these effects. The aim of this study was to compare behavioural responses of dogs to music tracks played with different characteristics (high pitch, low pitch, fast tempo, and slow tempo), as well as white noise and a control. Pitch and tempo modifications were applied to ten piano music songs and the six treatments (four different treatment-song combinations, white noise, and control) were presented daily, for ten minutes each, to ten dogs over ten days. Behavioural changes seemed to be driven by low-pitch tracks, which increased the level of alertness of the dogs. These findings could be related to the Morton’s motivations-structural rules: harsh, low frequency vocalisations signal aggressive motivations in mammals. Dogs may have perceived low-pitch tracks as more unsettling and were therefore more active and alert when listening to them.

ACS Style

Veronica Amaya; Kris Descovich; Mandy B. A. Paterson; Clive J. C. Phillips. Effects of Music Pitch and Tempo on the Behaviour of Kennelled Dogs. Animals 2020, 11, 10 .

AMA Style

Veronica Amaya, Kris Descovich, Mandy B. A. Paterson, Clive J. C. Phillips. Effects of Music Pitch and Tempo on the Behaviour of Kennelled Dogs. Animals. 2020; 11 (1):10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Veronica Amaya; Kris Descovich; Mandy B. A. Paterson; Clive J. C. Phillips. 2020. "Effects of Music Pitch and Tempo on the Behaviour of Kennelled Dogs." Animals 11, no. 1: 10.

Journal article
Published: 18 November 2020 in Applied Animal Behaviour Science
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Most research to enrich the environment of psittacines in captivity has focused on foraging. Little is known about the importance of bathing substrates for enrichment of their environment, despite this being a natural behaviour that is rarely possible in captivity. Twelve captive-bred, adult cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) were housed in groups of four in three aviary replicates. An initial choice test determined preferences for different substrates: earth, sand, wood shavings, shallow and deep water. Each substrate was provided in trays on the floor, together with an empty tray as a control. Positions were rearranged daily following a Latin square design. No bathing behaviours were observed but wood shavings, earth and sand were visited most frequently. Shallow water and the control were visited less frequently than wood shavings, and deep water was visited less than any of the other treatments. Thus alternatives to water were chosen to test the effects of substrates on bird behaviour, in particular flying as the aim was to encourage the birds to visit the substrate. In a changeover design with three one-week periods the behaviour of cockatiels provided with wood shavings, earth or a control were compared. Birds in the Wood shaving and Earth treatments flew more to the ground, compared to the Control treatment. This was more often from the wall and faster in the case of the Wood shavings and more often from their perch in the Earth treatment. However, those in the Control treatment flew more from the perch to the wall, with no net difference in total flying. It is concluded that provision of wood shavings or earth will provide an alternative to flying from the perch to the wall, but did not otherwise affect the behaviour of the birds.

ACS Style

April Stevens; Robert Doneley; Aurore Cogny; Clive J.C. Phillips. The effects of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) in aviaries. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2020, 235, 105154 .

AMA Style

April Stevens, Robert Doneley, Aurore Cogny, Clive J.C. Phillips. The effects of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) in aviaries. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2020; 235 ():105154.

Chicago/Turabian Style

April Stevens; Robert Doneley; Aurore Cogny; Clive J.C. Phillips. 2020. "The effects of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) in aviaries." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 235, no. : 105154.

Review
Published: 11 November 2020 in Animals
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Despite over three decades of active research, musculoskeletal injuries (MSI) remain a global problem for the Thoroughbred (TB) racing industry. High-speed exercise history (HSEH) has been identified as an important risk factor for MSI. However, the nature of this relationship remains unclear, with an apparent protective effect of HSE against injury, before it becomes potentially harmful. Many MSI cases and fatalities occur during training rather than during racing, resulting in an underestimation of injury from studies focused on race day. The objective of this study was to examine the current evidence of the effect of combined training and racing HSEH on MSI in TB flat racehorses, through a systematic review and meta-analysis. A systematic search of the relevant literature was performed using PubMed®, Scopus®, Web of Science®, and Embase® online databases and the gray literature using sites containing “.edu” or “.edu.au”. Studies included in the review had explored seven different measures of HSE, including total career HSE distance, cumulative HSE distance in the 30 and 60 days before MSI, average HSE distance per day, per event and per 30 days, and the total number of HSE events. The total cumulative career HSE distance significantly affected the odds of MSI, with every 5-furlong increase, the odds of MSI increased by 2% (OR = 1.02; 95% CI 1.01, 1.03; p = 0.004). The average HSE distance per day also affected the odds of MSI, with every additional furlong increasing the odds of MSI by 73% (OR = 1.73; 95% CI 1.29, 2.31; p < 0.001). Other measures of HSE were not found to be consistently associated with risk of MSI, but these results should be interpreted with caution. Significant methodological limitations were identified and influence the comparability of studies. Standardizing the measures of HSE in studies of MSI, and describing training conditions in more detail, would support a more thorough investigation of the relationship between HSE and MSI. An improved understanding of this relationship is critical to mitigating the impact of MSI in the Thoroughbred racehorse.

ACS Style

Kylie L. Crawford; Benjamin J. Ahern; Nigel R. Perkins; Clive J. C. Phillips; Anna Finnane. The Effect of Combined Training and Racing High-Speed Exercise History on Musculoskeletal Injuries in Thoroughbred Racehorses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Current Literature. Animals 2020, 10, 2091 .

AMA Style

Kylie L. Crawford, Benjamin J. Ahern, Nigel R. Perkins, Clive J. C. Phillips, Anna Finnane. The Effect of Combined Training and Racing High-Speed Exercise History on Musculoskeletal Injuries in Thoroughbred Racehorses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Current Literature. Animals. 2020; 10 (11):2091.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kylie L. Crawford; Benjamin J. Ahern; Nigel R. Perkins; Clive J. C. Phillips; Anna Finnane. 2020. "The Effect of Combined Training and Racing High-Speed Exercise History on Musculoskeletal Injuries in Thoroughbred Racehorses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Current Literature." Animals 10, no. 11: 2091.

Journal article
Published: 05 November 2020 in Animals
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Musculoskeletal injuries (MSI) remain a concerning cause of racehorse morbidity and mortality with important ethical and welfare consequences. Previous research examining risk factors for MSI report inconsistent findings. Age is thought to affect MSI risk, but, to date, there have been no prospective studies comparing MSI in two-year-old versus older horses. This study aimed to: (1) determine the incidence of MSI for two-year-old and older horses, and whether this was affected by training track, season, or rainfall, and (2) determine the types of MSI affecting two-year-old and older horses, and whether horses trialled or raced after injury. A prospective survey was conducted with data collected through personal structured weekly interviews with participating trainers over a 13-month period. Data were analysed using Poisson regression. The incidence of MSI in the current study was low (0.6%). The incidence of MSI in two-year-old horses was higher than older horses (p < 0.001). Types of MSI varied between two-year-old and older horses (p < 0.001) and affected whether horses subsequently trailed or raced from 11 to 23 months after injury (p < 0.001). A larger proportion of two-year-old horses had dorsal metacarpal disease and traumatic lacerations. A smaller proportion of two-year-old horses had suspensory ligament desmitis, superficial digital flexor tendonitis, proximal sesamoid bone fractures, and fetlock joint injuries than older horses. Training track and rainfall did not affect MSI. The season affected MSI in two-year-old horses (p < 0.001) but not older horses. The major limitation was that trainers in this study were metropolitan (city) and our findings may not be generalisable to racehorses in regional (country) areas. Another significant limitation was the assumption that MSI was the reason for failure to trial or race after injury. In conclusion, the incidence of MSI was low in the current study and the types and the risk factors for MSI are different for two-year-old and older horses.

ACS Style

Kylie L. Crawford; Anna Finnane; Ristan M. Greer; Clive J. C. Phillips; Solomon M. Woldeyohannes; Nigel R. Perkins; Benjamin J. Ahern. Appraising the Welfare of Thoroughbred Racehorses in Training in Queensland, Australia: The Incidence and Type of Musculoskeletal Injuries Vary between Two-Year-Old and Older Thoroughbred Racehorses. Animals 2020, 10, 2046 .

AMA Style

Kylie L. Crawford, Anna Finnane, Ristan M. Greer, Clive J. C. Phillips, Solomon M. Woldeyohannes, Nigel R. Perkins, Benjamin J. Ahern. Appraising the Welfare of Thoroughbred Racehorses in Training in Queensland, Australia: The Incidence and Type of Musculoskeletal Injuries Vary between Two-Year-Old and Older Thoroughbred Racehorses. Animals. 2020; 10 (11):2046.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kylie L. Crawford; Anna Finnane; Ristan M. Greer; Clive J. C. Phillips; Solomon M. Woldeyohannes; Nigel R. Perkins; Benjamin J. Ahern. 2020. "Appraising the Welfare of Thoroughbred Racehorses in Training in Queensland, Australia: The Incidence and Type of Musculoskeletal Injuries Vary between Two-Year-Old and Older Thoroughbred Racehorses." Animals 10, no. 11: 2046.