Purpose: This study used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data to investigate the changes in incidence, treatment, and survival of lung cancer from 1973 to 2015. Patients and methods: The clinical and epidemiological data of patients with lung cancer were obtained from the SEER database. Joinpoint regression models were used to estimate the rate changes in lung cancer related to incidence, treatment, and survival. Results: From 1973 to 2015, the average incidence of lung cancer was 59.0/100,000 personyears. The incidence increased initially, reached a peak in 1992, and then gradually decreased. A higher incidence rate was observed in males than in females and in black patients than in other racial groups. Since 1985, adenocarcinoma became the most prevalent histopathological type. The surgical rate for lung cancer was about 25%, and treatment with chemotherapy showed an increasing trend, while the radiotherapy rate was in downward trend. The surgical rate for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was higher than that for small cell lung cancer (SCLC), while chemotherapy for SCLC far exceeded that for NSCLC. Treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy for advanced stage had higher rate than early stage. The 5-year relative survival rate of lung cancer increased with time, but <21%. Conclusion: In the past four decades, the lung cancer incidence increased initially and then gradually decreased. Surgical rate experienced a fluctuant reduction, while the chemotherapy rate was in upward trend. The 5-year relative survival rate increased with years, but was still low.

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death induced by the lethal overload of lipid peroxides in cellular membranes. In recent years, modulating ferroptosis has gained attention as a potential therapeutic approach for tumor suppression. In the current study, retinol saturase (RETSAT) was identified as a significant ferroptosis mediator using a publicly accessible CRISPR/Cas9 screening dataset. RETSAT depletion protected tumor cells from lipid peroxidation and subsequent cell death triggered by various ferroptosis inducers. Furthermore, exogenous supplementation with retinoids, including retinol (the substrate of RETSAT) and its derivatives retinal and retinoic acid, also suppressed ferroptosis, whereas the product of RETSAT, 13, 14-dihydroretinol, failed to do so. As effective radical-trapping antioxidant, retinoids protected the lipid membrane from autoxidation and subsequent fragmentation, thus terminating the cascade of ferroptosis. Pseudotargeted lipidomic analysis identified an association between retinoid regulation of ferroptosis and lipid metabolism. Retinoic acid, but not 13, 14-dihydroretinoic acid, interacted with its nuclear receptor and activated transcription of stearoyl-CoA desaturase, which introduces the first double bond into saturated fatty acid and thus catalyzes the generation of monounsaturated fatty acid, a known ferroptosis suppressor. Therefore, RETSAT promotes ferroptosis by transforming retinol to 13, 14-dihydroretinol, thereby turning a strong anti-ferroptosis regulator into a relatively weak one. Significance: Retinoids have ferroptosis-protective properties and can be metabolized by RETSAT to promote ferroptosis, suggesting the possibility of targeting retinoid metabolism in cancer as a treatment strategy to trigger ferroptosis.

Immune infiltration may predict survival and have clinical significance in lung cancer. However, immune signatures derived from immune profiling based on bulk tumor transcriptomes have not been systematically established in lung adenocarcinoma. We aimed to construct an immune cell infiltrating score, using a new algorithm for evaluating immune infiltration, to improve the prognostic model of lung adenocarcinoma. Public datasets of lung adenocarcinoma from the Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas were adopted as the training and validation cohorts. Fractions of different immune cell subtypes in each sample were estimated using the CIBERSORT algorithm. The immune infiltrating score was further developed by a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression model. The prognostic value and clinical relationship of the model was then further explored. An immune infiltrating score model was established on the basis of the immune cells in the training cohort. A high score was associated with significantly worse survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (P < 0.001). The prognostic value of the score was confirmed in the validation cohort. The immune infiltrating score could improve the accuracy of predictions of survival when combined with the staging system. Furthermore, the score was potentially associated with patient smoking status and histologic subtype of lung adenocarcinoma. Its possible association with the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy was not statistically significant. The immune cell infiltrating score has prognostic significance in predicting overall survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma.

This review provides comprehensive developments on all-inorganic lead-halide perovskites in photocatalysis, including synthesis methods, improvement of stability and activity, and finally summarizes their applications in photocatalysis.