A new quantitative method extracts a landscape heterogeneity map (LaHMa) from hyper-temporal remote-sensing data. The feature extraction method is data-driven, unbiased, and builds on the commonly used data reduction technique of Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis (ISODATA) clustering with the support of divergence separability indices. First, the relevant spatial–temporal variation in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is classified through ISODATA clustering. Second, a series of prepared cluster maps are overlaid to examine and detect the frequency with which boundaries between clusters occur at the same location. This step identifies the boundary strength between clusters and detects spatial heterogeneity within them. Results of the method are explored for the typical agriculture-defined landscape of the Mekong delta, Vietnam, using NDVI-imagery time-series from SPOT-Vegetation and MODIS-Terra. The method extracts useful landscape heterogeneity features and can support land-cover mapping requiring information on fragmentation and land-cover gradients.

The coast is home to unique ecosystems, where complex ecological processes take place through the interaction of terrestrial, aquatic, atmospheric, and human landscapes. However, there are considerable knowledge and data gaps in achieving effective and future change-proof sustainable management of coastal zones around the world due to both technical and social barriers, as well as governance challenges. Currently, the role of Earth observation (EO) in addressing many of the recognised information gaps is small and under-utilised. While EO can provide much of the spatiotemporal information required for historical analysis and current status mapping, and offers the advantage of global coverage; its uptake can be limited by technical and methodological challenges associated mostly with lack of capacity and infrastructure, product accuracy and accessibility, costs, and institutional acceptance. While new initiatives and recent technological progress in the EO and information technology arena aim to tackle some of these issues so that EO products can be more easily used by non-EO experts, uptake is still limited. This paper discusses how EO can potentially inform transformative practices of planning in the coastal water zone, by using examples to demonstrate the EO potential in providing information relevant to decisionmaking framed by international agreements, such as the United Nations Agenda 2030, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Sendai Framework for Risk Reduction. By presenting evidence for how EO can contribute to innovative opportunities and data synergies at scale, the paper discusses opportunities and challenges for a more solution-led approach to sustainable coastal management.

Although gelatinous zooplankton are an important component of marine ecosystems, gelatinous mesozooplankton that are <2 cm are underrepresented in monitoring programmes. Here, the interannual variability of gelatinous mesozooplankton abundance and diversity was estimated from 167 zooplankton net samples that were collected in the Celtic Sea during seven fisheries surveys between 2007 and 2019 and analysed alongside environmental parameters. Compositional changes occurred interannually, including an overturn in the abundance ratio of two siphonophores (Muggiaea atlantica and Agalma elegans). Analysis of annual mean gelatinous abundance revealed no linear trend over time (Spearman, r = −0.09, p = 0.287); however, the interannual abundance varied by a factor of 33 (minimum mean abundance in 2013 = 7.36 ± 4.86 individuals m⁻³; maximum in 2017 = 244.82 ± 84.59 individuals m⁻³). Holoplanktonic taxa dominated the abundance of the gelatinous community (93.27%) and their abundance was negatively associated with summer sea surface temperature (represented by the 16°C isotherm in July), and the Eastern Atlantic Pattern index 3 months prior (April). Our data suggest that gelatinous mesozooplankton in the Celtic Sea may become less abundant with further ocean warming, and further highlight the need to monitor gelatinous mesozooplankton with a high taxonomic resolution moving forward.

Increases in the temporal frequency of satellite-derived imagery mean a greater diversity of ocean surface features can be studied, modelled, and understood. The ongoing temporal data “explosion” is a valuable resource, having prompted the development of adapted and new methodologies to extract information from hypertemporal datasets. Current suitable methodologies for use in hypertemporal ocean surface studies include using pixel-centred measurement analyses (PMA), classification analyses (CLS), and principal components analyses (PCA). These require limited prior knowledge of the system being measured. Time-series analyses (TSA) are also promising, though they require more expert knowledge which may be unavailable. Full use of this resource by ocean and fisheries researchers is restrained by limitations in knowledge on the regional to sub-regional spatiotemporal characteristics of the ocean surface. To lay the foundations for more expert, knowledge-driven research, temporal signatures and temporal baselines need to be identified and quantified in large datasets. There is an opportunity for data-driven hypertemporal methodologies. This review examines nearly 25 years of advances in exploratory hypertemporal research, and how methodologies developed for terrestrial research should be adapted when tasked towards ocean applications. It highlights research gaps which impede methodology transfer, and suggests achievable research areas to be addressed as short-term priorities.