Background: Root canal sealers remain in long-term contact with dental tissues, raising concerns about their potential adverse effects. Methods: This study evaluates the physicochemical properties and ion-release profiles of three dental materials: zinc oxide/eugenol-based sealer, zinc phosphate cement (luting agent), and glass-ionomer cement (restorative material) under acidic (pH 4) and neutral (pH 7) conditions over 24 h and 30 days to determine their behavior and bioactivity in vitro. The materials were evaluated for their setting time, consistency, film thickness, solubility, and ion release using atomic emission spectrometry. The influence of pH and exposure time on ion release was analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Results: All tested materials met the ISO standards for their respective categories. The zinc oxide/eugenol and zinc phosphate cements released increased levels of zinc in acidic environments (pH 4), suggesting potential antimicrobial properties. The glass-ionomer cement exhibited higher silicon and strontium release under a neutral pH (pH 7), indicating potential remineralization effects. Silver from the zinc oxide/eugenol material was below the detection limit of the applied method, suggesting minimal ion release under the tested conditions. Maximum zinc release from root canal sealer occurred after 30 days at pH 4 (1.39 ± 0.26 mg), while the highest silicon release from glass-ionomer cement was observed at pH 7 after 30 days (1.03 ± 0.21 mg). Conclusions: Zinc oxide/eugenol materials exhibited increased zinc release under acidic conditions. In contrast, the restorative and luting materials demonstrated distinct ion-release patterns, aligning with their respective intended applications rather than endodontic purposes.

Aim: This literature review presents the biological evaluation of light-curing 3D printing materials containing methacrylic and acrylic resin in dentistry. The sample was 42 articles published between 2008 and 2025, available on PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. The articles were analyzed following the assessment requirements of ISO 10993-2018 (Endpoint) regarding the biological evaluation of each Medical Device. The first selection criterion of the articles was based on the PRISMA schema, concerned with the application of these materials in various fields of dentistry used in 3D printing (e.g., material for crowns and bridges, night, and surgical guide, orthodontic, and denture base). The second criterion included the composition of materials (e.g., catalysts, methacrylic resins, and stabilizers) and the post-curing process. Results: The topics discussed in the literature included: (a) estrogenic interactions, sensitization, and the zebra fish model to determine acute toxicity; (b) the main post-processes affecting biocompatibility, i.e., alcohol washing and polymerization in light ovens; and (c) the modification of 3D resins using various types of nanomaterials. Conclusions: 3D resins can be used safely in dentistry to make various types of restorations, provided that the polymerization, washing with alcohol and post-polymerization in a light oven follow the manufacturer’s specifications.

The strength of fiber glass reinforced composite (FRC) posts, inserted in root canals in different quantitative configurations and exposed to crushing forces, assuming no adhesive connection in the coronal area, was evaluated. Three systems of FRC posts and one core build-up material were used in this study. The test was performed on FRC posts in three different quantitative configurations. The posts were cemented in the root canals in 36 premolars. 21 teeth were exposed to vertical forces, while 15 teeth were exposed to forces at an angle of 45° with respect to the vertical axis. After the strength tests, each sample was analyzed in the micro computed tomography (micro-CT) in order to verify that the forces do not cause defects in the areas of the adhesive connection. The largest values of the crushing forces (over 1000 N), which caused the destruction of posts were observed in case of Ena Post used in the form of single post with the greatest diameter or composed of three posts with different diameter, as well as for triple Postec Plus posts. In the case of the force acting at the angle of 45° no statistically significant differences were observed for all post configurations. No defects were found in micro-CT images of the analyzed areas of adhesive connections. The obtained results do not confirm the concept that the use of more than one post per canal may significantly improve the clinical effectiveness of FRC posts – the differences in the values of the destructive force per one post and multiple posts were not statistically significant.

The aim of the study was to assess the value of the breaking force of the bonding between selected polymer cements, root dentin and fiber reinforced composite (FRC) posts. Five resin based luting cements were selected for use in the study. Tests were performed on a total of 30 teeth, which were divided into two groups. Fifteen teeth were installed vertically and 15 with an angle of 45°. All samples were exposed to crushing forces in an Instron 4411 device. After the strength tests, each sample was analyzed by micro-CT (micro computed tomography) in order to verify that the forces did not cause defects in the areas of the adhesive connection. The differences observed in the present study only involved the posts that failed at different values of the acting forces – in the case of the vertical sample, x =532.5 N and in the case with an angle of 45°, x = 117.9 N. For the micro-CT images, there were no defects in the analyzed areas of the adhesive connections. Under the conditions of the current study, all selected polymer cements showed the required level of bonding.

Background/Objectives: 3D printing of removable dentures and temporary crowns and bridges is currently one of the fastest-developing technologies in prosthetic dentistry. However, little is known about the effect of different beverage solutions on the strength and color of 3D-printed denture resins. The study aimed to determine the effect of coffee, red wine, 40% ethyl alcohol, and water (reference samples) on six 3D-printed denture resins (Denture 3D+ (Nexdent); Vita Vionic (Vita), Lucitone Digital Print 3D (Dentsply), DX Denture Flex (Dentex); Formlab Denture Base (Formlabs, Optiprint Dentona). Materials and Methods: Resin samples measuring 3.3 × 10 × 65 mm (144 total) and disks 1 × 20 mm (108 total) were produced using an Asiga printer. The printed materials were then stored in coffee, red wine and distilled water and vodka for 30 days. After this time, they were subjected to a flexural strength (FS) test and the measurement of color change (CC), and compared to reference samples measured before contact with the solutions. One- and two-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis to compare samples before and after contact with the solutions. Results: The vodka solution affected the materials’ FS—the strength was reduced from 10% (Lucitone) to 88% (Detax). For the sample with the most significant FS reduction, the elastic modulus could not be determined. The largest CCs were observed for coffee (E = 22.66 ± 1.26), and red wine (E = 21.04 ± 0.70), whereas vodka had the least effect on CC (Lucitone E = 1.04 ± 0.41 and Form Labs E = 1.31 ± 0.85). Conclusions: 3D-printed resins are susceptible to the effects of commonly consumed substances, such as coffee, vodka, and red wine. When designing and manufacturing removable prosthetic restorations, it is necessary to carefully consider the dietary habits of patients and the materials from which the removable prosthetics are printed.

The increasing use of photopolymer resins in dental three-dimensional (3D) printing has raised concerns regarding occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study aimed to characterize and compare formaldehyde (HCHO) and total volatile organic compound (TVOC) emission profiles of five commercially available dental 3D-printing resins and to explore their relationship with subjective odor perception. Subjective odor perception was assessed during routine educational laboratory activities using a numerical rating scale (0–10). Time-resolved HCHO and TVOC measurements were subsequently performed under standardized chamber conditions using a portable air-quality monitor, with three consecutive 10 min measurement cycles conducted for each resin using the same standardized 200 mL sample. Two participants reporting upper respiratory tract infection symptoms were excluded, resulting in a final sensory sample of 50 participants. Perceived odor intensity differed significantly among the tested resins (Friedman test, χ²(4) = 55.54, p < 0.001; Kendall’s W = 0.278). A positive resin-level association was observed between mean odor intensity and TVOC concentration at the 10 min endpoint of the first post-agitation measurement cycle (Spearman’s ρ = 0.70); however, this relationship was not statistically significant in the exact two-sided permutation analysis (p = 0.233) and was considered exploratory. HCHO–odor correlation analysis was not performed because HCHO concentrations for three of the five resins exceeded the upper measurement range of the instrument. Notably, a plant-based resin exhibited relatively high odor intensity despite comparatively low TVOC emissions, suggesting that total emission magnitude alone may not fully explain odor perception. The tested dental photopolymer resins exhibited distinct material-dependent emission and odor-perception characteristics. Odor perception should therefore be considered complementary to, rather than a substitute for, instrumental emission characterization. Integrating sensory assessment with instrumental emission measurements may support a more comprehensive evaluation of dental photopolymer resins and inform future occupational-safety studies.