The article presents the review of 59 publications describing the aspects of etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and treatment of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.The authors state that they have no conflict of interests.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created a public health emergency in Russia and across the world. The wavelike spread of the new coronavirus infection, caused by newly emerging variants of the coronavirus, has led to a high incidence rate in all subjects of the Russian Federation. It is becoming extremely topical to get the opportunity to manage the development of the epidemic and assess the impact of certain regulatory measures on this process. This will help government agencies make informed decisions to control the burden on healthcare organizations. It is often impossible to obtain such assessments without using modern mathematical models.

ПРОТИВОТУБЕРКУЛЕЗНЫЙ АНТИБИОТИК РИФАПЕНТИН: ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ КЛИНИЧЕСКОГО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ

Objective: The identification of predictors of severe COVID-19 disease. Methods: 308 adult patients (≥18 years old) from 36 regions of Russian Federation with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 were hospitalized from March to May 2020. Demographic, anamnestic, clinical and laboratory data were extracted to database. Two groups were determined: patients who progressed to recieve intensive care unit support (ICU) (G1, n =64) and who didn’t have it (G2, n = 244). Qualitative variables were analyzed by Pearson9s chi-squared test, quantitative variables – by T-test for independent samples. Results: In our cohort 156 were men (50.6%), 152 – women (49.4%). Mean age was 52.9 years (from 18 to 92). 86 patients (27.9%) had no comorbidities, 222 patients (72.1%) had one or more comorbidities. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (40.9%), obesity (17.2%), type II diabetes (13.6%), coronary heart disease (13.0%), oncologic diseases (7.8%), vascular cerebral diseases (6.8%). The age was the major risk factor ICU support (61,3 in G1 versus 50,6 in G2). Also ICU support was associated with overall comorbidity burden (p<0,001), hypertension (p=0.001), obesity (p=0.015), vascular cerebral diseases (p=0.021), lymphopenia (p=0.002), leukocytosis (0.007). ICU support didn9t associate with type II diabetes (p=0.1), coronary heart disease (p=0.296), oncologic diseases (p=0.795), increased CRP levels (p=0.148). Conclusion: The older age and presence of comorbidities, especially hypertension, cerebral vascular diseases and obesity, increases the risk of severe clinical forms. The factors directly related to the virus (lymphopenia and reactive leukocytosis at the early stage of COVID-19) are important laboratory risk factors.

Introduction: DR and HIV are the major challenges for worldwide eradication of tuberculosis (TB). Aims: To determine MTB DR mutations, prevalent in HIV⁺ and HIV^- individuals; to identify MTB clonal lines evolutionary successful with respect to DR mutations. Methods: MTB cultures were isolated from symptomatic patients (93 HIV⁺ and 267 HIV^-) before the onset of TB treatment and subjected to biochip hybridisation. Results: Latter DR mutations were statistically significant prevalent in HIV⁺ as compared to HIV^- individuals: -S531L rpoB (rifampicin resistance), -M306V embB (etambutol resistance), -‘S531L rpoB + S315T(1) katG’ (isoniazid resistance), -‘S531L rpoB + S315T(1) katG + M306V embB’. The prevalence in HIV^- individuals of S315T(1) katG not combined with S531L rpoB was statistically significant. The prevalence in HIV+ patients of the MDR marker ‘S531L rpoB + S315T(1) katG’ was demonstrated for all genotypes; its proportion amounted to 100% in B0/W148 genotype. Two distinct evolutionary successful MDR clonal lines originating in Chelyabinsk were discovered: 1) Beijing genotype with the marker ‘S531L rpoB + S315T(1) katG + M306V embB’; spread to Kemerovo, Leningrad, Stavropol, and Nizhnii Novgorod regions; 8 out of 19 (42%) cultures were XDR; 2) B0/W148 genotype with the marker ‘S531L rpoB + S315T(1) katG + N296H embB’, spread to Kemerovo, Leningrad, Nizhnii Novgorod, and Moscow regions; 2 out of 12 (17%) cultures were XDR. Conclusion: MTB passage through HIV⁺ patients induces new MDR (and potentially XDR) clonal lines, which retain tropism to HIV⁺ patients even after passage through HIV^- individuals.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) and infection, caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), are the main opportunistic diseases in late presentation of HIV-infection Aims and Objectives: To determine clinical and laboratory signs of MAC infection to improve the diagnosis and treatment of HIV patients Methods: Among treated in 2018 in HIV-unit - 9 patients we diagnosed to have MAC infection, 15 - pulmonary TB, 1 - M. kansasii infection. The proportion of MAC and TB was 17 % (24 from 144 admitted patients). Verification of MAC and TB was made by molecular genetic methods and/or culture (MGM/CL) Results: MGM/CL for MAC was positive from: blood, urine and feces - 5 patients (including 3 in combination with sputum and liquid bronchoalveolar lavage (S/LBAL)) -1st group, S/LBAL solely - 4 patients - 2nd group. All from the 1st group had fever more than 38⁰ Celsius with duration more than 1 month. Among the 2nd group only 1 had fever. Association of fever and positive MGM/CL from blood, urine, feces (1st group substrates) was strong and significant (Pearson contingency coefficient C=0.620, Fisher exact=0.048; p<0.05). This allowed us to describe “the septic form” of MAC disease in HIV patients. 1 patient had MAC infection with hectic temperature, positive MGM from sputum, positive CL from blood, sputum and LBAL, and absence of lung, mediastinal and abdominal lymph node lesions on CT scan Contrary to MAC TB patients had positive MGM/CL from S/LBAL, lymph node puncture and pleural effusion, but not blood, urine and feces. 8 (53%) were febrile Conclusion: Febrile HIV late presenters should be suspected for “the septic form” of MAC disease; blood, urine and feces being obligatory tested by MGM/CL