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Dr. Przemysław Czapik
Kielce University of Technology, Poland

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0 Aggregate
0 Cement
0 Concrete
0 Thermal Analysis
0 cement paste

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Aggregate
Cement
Concrete
cement mortar
cement paste
Thermal Analysis
Cement hydration
X-ray diffraction (XRD)

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Journal article
Published: 17 June 2021 in Materials
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Wastewater treatment processes produce sewage sludge (SS), which, in line with environmental sustainability principles, can be a valuable source of matter in the production of lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA). The literature on the influence of SS content and sintering temperature on the properties of LECA is scarce. This paper aims to statistically evaluate the effects of SS content and sintering temperature on LECA physical properties. Total porosity, pore volume, and apparent density were determined with the use of a density analyzer. A helium pycnometer was utilized to determine the specific density. Closed porosity was calculated. The test results demonstrated a statistically significant influence of the SS content on the specific density and water absorption of LECA. The sintering temperature had a significant effect on the specific density, apparent density, total porosity, closed porosity, total volume of pores, and water absorption. It was proved that a broad range of the SS content is admissible in the raw material mass for the production of LECA.

ACS Style

Jolanta Latosińska; Maria Żygadło; Przemysław Czapik. The Influence of Sewage Sludge Content and Sintering Temperature on Selected Properties of Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate. Materials 2021, 14, 3363 .

AMA Style

Jolanta Latosińska, Maria Żygadło, Przemysław Czapik. The Influence of Sewage Sludge Content and Sintering Temperature on Selected Properties of Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate. Materials. 2021; 14 (12):3363.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jolanta Latosińska; Maria Żygadło; Przemysław Czapik. 2021. "The Influence of Sewage Sludge Content and Sintering Temperature on Selected Properties of Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate." Materials 14, no. 12: 3363.

Journal article
Published: 08 January 2021 in Materials
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Existing buildings, especially historical buildings, require periodic or situational diagnostic tests. If a building is in use, advanced non-destructive or semi-destructive methods should be used. In the diagnosis of reinforced concrete structures, tests allowing to assess the condition of the reinforcement and concrete cover are particularly important. The article presents non-destructive and semi-destructive research methods that are used for such tests, as well as the results of tests performed for selected elements of a historic water tower structure. The assessment of the corrosion risk of the reinforcement was carried out with the use of a semi-destructive galvanostatic pulse method. The protective properties of the concrete cover were checked by the carbonation test and the phase analysis of the concrete. X-ray diffractometry and thermal analysis methods were used for this. In order to determine the position of the reinforcement and to estimate the concrete cover thickness distribution, a ferromagnetic detection system was used. The comprehensive application of several test methods allowed mutual verification of the results and the drawing of reliable conclusions. The results indicated a very poor state of the reinforcement, loss in the depth of cover and sulphate corrosion.

ACS Style

Paweł Tworzewski; Wioletta Raczkiewicz; Przemysław Czapik; Justyna Tworzewska. Diagnostics of Concrete and Steel in Elements of an Historic Reinforced Concrete Structure. Materials 2021, 14, 306 .

AMA Style

Paweł Tworzewski, Wioletta Raczkiewicz, Przemysław Czapik, Justyna Tworzewska. Diagnostics of Concrete and Steel in Elements of an Historic Reinforced Concrete Structure. Materials. 2021; 14 (2):306.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paweł Tworzewski; Wioletta Raczkiewicz; Przemysław Czapik; Justyna Tworzewska. 2021. "Diagnostics of Concrete and Steel in Elements of an Historic Reinforced Concrete Structure." Materials 14, no. 2: 306.

Correction
Published: 31 December 2020 in Materials
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The author wishes to make the following correction to this paper

ACS Style

Przemysław Czapik. Correction: Czapik, P. Microstructure and Degradation of Mortar Containing Waste Glass Aggregate as Evaluated by Various Microscopic Techniques. Materials 2020, 13, 2186. Materials 2020, 14, 159 .

AMA Style

Przemysław Czapik. Correction: Czapik, P. Microstructure and Degradation of Mortar Containing Waste Glass Aggregate as Evaluated by Various Microscopic Techniques. Materials 2020, 13, 2186. Materials. 2020; 14 (1):159.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Przemysław Czapik. 2020. "Correction: Czapik, P. Microstructure and Degradation of Mortar Containing Waste Glass Aggregate as Evaluated by Various Microscopic Techniques. Materials 2020, 13, 2186." Materials 14, no. 1: 159.

Journal article
Published: 20 December 2020 in Materials
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In this article, the effect of hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose (HEMC), which is a polymeric viscosity modifying admixture on the mineral based composites setting processes, was studied. Previous studies available in the literature included the evaluation of the influence of this admixture on the hydration processes of cement or lime pastes. In this paper, the analysis of this issue was extended to include cement-lime composites. The composition of the pastes and mortars differed in the type of binder (the tests were carried out on cement-based and cement-lime-based materials, in which the cement was replaced in 50% with hydrated lime), as well as the amount and viscosity of the admixture. The study of mortars setting processes and hardening processes using the ultrasonic method was supplemented in the work with calorimetric measurements and phases analysis by the X-ray diffraction method. Finally, it was found that the HEMC reduces the rate of a hydration reaction in cement and cement-lime pastes. The amount of admixture used has a greater influence on the changes taking place during the setting process than the admixture viscosity or the type of binder.

ACS Style

Edyta Spychał; Przemysław Czapik. The Influence of HEMC on Cement and Cement-Lime Composites Setting Processes. Materials 2020, 13, 5814 .

AMA Style

Edyta Spychał, Przemysław Czapik. The Influence of HEMC on Cement and Cement-Lime Composites Setting Processes. Materials. 2020; 13 (24):5814.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edyta Spychał; Przemysław Czapik. 2020. "The Influence of HEMC on Cement and Cement-Lime Composites Setting Processes." Materials 13, no. 24: 5814.

Journal article
Published: 13 August 2020 in Materials
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This study examined the physical properties of a three-component mineral binder that is typically used in deep-cold recycling. Test binders were produced using Portland cement, hydrated lime, and cement bypass dust (CBPD) as a byproduct derived from cement production. The suitability of CBPD for use in road binders was assessed. Effects of the three-component binder composition on the setting time, soundness, consistency, and tensile and compressive strengths of the cement pastes and mortars were determined. The pastes and mortars of the same consistency obtained at different w/b ratios were tested. On this basis, the mixture proportions resulting in road binders satisfying the requirements of PN-EN 13282-2:2015 were determined. By mixing cement, lime, and CBPD during the tests, binder classes N1 to N3 were obtained. The replacement of 40% of cement mass with the CBPD high in free lime produced road binders suitable for recycled base layers. The total content of CBPD and hydrated lime in the road binder should not exceed 50% by mass. The potential risk of mortar strength reduction due to KCl recrystallization was discussed.

ACS Style

Zdzisława Owsiak; Przemysław Czapik; Justyna Zapała-Sławeta. Properties of a Three-Component Mineral Road Binder for Deep-Cold Recycling Technology. Materials 2020, 13, 3585 .

AMA Style

Zdzisława Owsiak, Przemysław Czapik, Justyna Zapała-Sławeta. Properties of a Three-Component Mineral Road Binder for Deep-Cold Recycling Technology. Materials. 2020; 13 (16):3585.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zdzisława Owsiak; Przemysław Czapik; Justyna Zapała-Sławeta. 2020. "Properties of a Three-Component Mineral Road Binder for Deep-Cold Recycling Technology." Materials 13, no. 16: 3585.

Journal article
Published: 12 August 2020 in Sustainability
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Popular incineration of sewage sludge results in the increase in heavy metals content in ash. The knowledge of the total content of heavy metals in sewage sludge ash does not demonstrate a potential hazard. The toxicity of heavy metals in great measure depends on the form of their occurrence. The prevailing norms do not require the ecological risk assessment of the environmental burden with heavy metals for the choice of the method of the utilization of sewage sludge ash. The paper presents the research results on the mobility of heavy metals in sewage sludge ash after its incineration. The geo-accumulation index (IGAI), the potential ecological risk index (PERI) and the risk assessment code (RAC) were used for the evaluation of the potential soil contamination with heavy metals. The authors also suggested a new formula, which took into consideration more factors influencing the risk of the contamination of a water–soil environment with heavy metals—the water and soil environment risk index (WSERI). The calculated indices for sewage sludge ash indicate the risk of soil contamination with heavy metals.

ACS Style

Jolanta Latosińska; Przemysław Czapik. The Ecological Risk Assessment and the Chemical Speciation of Heavy Metals in Ash after the Incineration of Municipal Sewage Sludge. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6517 .

AMA Style

Jolanta Latosińska, Przemysław Czapik. The Ecological Risk Assessment and the Chemical Speciation of Heavy Metals in Ash after the Incineration of Municipal Sewage Sludge. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (16):6517.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jolanta Latosińska; Przemysław Czapik. 2020. "The Ecological Risk Assessment and the Chemical Speciation of Heavy Metals in Ash after the Incineration of Municipal Sewage Sludge." Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6517.

Journal article
Published: 09 May 2020 in Materials
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The primary aim of this article is to focus on the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in mortar specimens containing coloured waste glass used as an aggregate. Mortar expansion was measured using the ASTM C 1260 accelerated test procedure until the specimens disintegrated. Special attention was paid to the microscopic examination of the damaged mortar. Various methods were used for this purpose, including optical microscopy in reflected and transmitted light with one and two crossed polarizers. The specimens were also subjected to the scanning electron microscopy observations with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The data obtained from these techniques provided information on the mechanism of glass-containing mortar degradation due to ASR and also allowed the comparison of different microscopic techniques in terms of the information they can provide on ASR occurrence.

ACS Style

Przemysław Czapik. Microstructure and Degradation of Mortar Containing Waste Glass Aggregate as Evaluated by Various Microscopic Techniques. Materials 2020, 13, 2186 .

AMA Style

Przemysław Czapik. Microstructure and Degradation of Mortar Containing Waste Glass Aggregate as Evaluated by Various Microscopic Techniques. Materials. 2020; 13 (9):2186.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Przemysław Czapik. 2020. "Microstructure and Degradation of Mortar Containing Waste Glass Aggregate as Evaluated by Various Microscopic Techniques." Materials 13, no. 9: 2186.

Journal article
Published: 25 February 2020 in Materials
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In 2016, an average of 5.0 tons of waste per household was generated in the European Union (including waste glass). In the same year, 45.7% of the waste glass in the EU was recycled. The incorporation of recycled waste glass in building materials, i.e., concrete, cements, or ceramics, is very popular around the world because of the environmental problems and costs connected with their disposal and recycling. A less known solution, however, is using the waste glass in composite products, including sand-lime. The aim of this work was to assess the role of recycled container waste glass in a sand-lime mix. The waste was used as a substitute for the quartz sand. To verify the suitability of recycled glass for the production of sand-lime products, the physical and mechanical properties of sand-lime specimens were examined. Four series of specimens were made: 0%, 33%, 66%, and 100% of recycled waste glass (RG) as a sand (FA) replacement. The binder mass did not change (8%). The research results showed that ternary mixtures of lime, sand, and recycled waste glass had a higher compressive strength and lower density compared to the reference specimen. The sand-lime specimen containing 100% (RG) increased the compressive strength by 287% compared to that of the control specimen. The increase in the parameters was proportional to the amount of the replacement in the mixtures.

ACS Style

Katarzyna Borek; Przemysław Czapik; Ryszard Dachowski. Recycled Glass as a Substitute for Quartz Sand in Silicate Products. Materials 2020, 13, 1030 .

AMA Style

Katarzyna Borek, Przemysław Czapik, Ryszard Dachowski. Recycled Glass as a Substitute for Quartz Sand in Silicate Products. Materials. 2020; 13 (5):1030.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katarzyna Borek; Przemysław Czapik; Ryszard Dachowski. 2020. "Recycled Glass as a Substitute for Quartz Sand in Silicate Products." Materials 13, no. 5: 1030.

Journal article
Published: 10 October 2019 in Construction and Building Materials
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Cement kiln dusts (CKD) generated during the production of Portland cement clinker differ markedly in composition and, hence, in properties. These dusts are commonly used as an addition to cement. In this article the way in which the selected dusts obtained from the cement kiln bypass system (CBPD) react with water and the phenomena accompanying this process at early stage are discussed. For this purpose, the kinetics of hydration was investigated using the calorimetric method and volume change observations. Phase and microstructural changes were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the CBPD hydration process is primarily associated with the presence of free lime. It is characterized by a significant initial heat emission, which is accompanied by swelling the paste as a result of calcium hydroxide and calcium chloride salts formation.

ACS Style

Przemysław Czapik; Justyna Zapała-Sławeta; Zdzisława Owsiak; Piotr Stępień. Hydration of cement by-pass dust. Construction and Building Materials 2019, 231, 117139 .

AMA Style

Przemysław Czapik, Justyna Zapała-Sławeta, Zdzisława Owsiak, Piotr Stępień. Hydration of cement by-pass dust. Construction and Building Materials. 2019; 231 ():117139.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Przemysław Czapik; Justyna Zapała-Sławeta; Zdzisława Owsiak; Piotr Stępień. 2019. "Hydration of cement by-pass dust." Construction and Building Materials 231, no. : 117139.

Journal article
Published: 31 August 2019 in Open Engineering
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The challenge related to waste management has become a serious worldwide environmental problem. Highly sustainable solutions, which do not involve reworking the material and are based on waste utilization, are sought. Such waste as used casting compounds, which so far has been used, among others, in construction, road construction, mining and cement production. Descriptions of the use of various waste moulding compounds, such as waste quartz compounds with water glass, quartz chamotte and quartz bentonite can be found in the literature. Due to the high content of quartz and low toxicity of bentonite sandmix, an attempt was done to use them for the production of sand-lime products. The aim of this article is to determine the suitability of the waste material as a substitute for quartz sand in the production of sand-lime products. The usability of waste was determined by laboratory tests of physicochemical characteristics of the finished silicates. Sand, which is a carrier of silica, was replaced with used moulding compounds with fractions up to 0.5 mm, in the weight amounts of 5.5, 11 and 16.5%. Applying up to 11% of used casting materials as a substitute for quartz sand with a lime content of 5.5% in the raw material mixture has a clearly positive effect on compressive strength. However, the higher share of sand substitution in the mixture weakens the mechanical features of the obtained materials. The absorptivity of the finished products increases with the increase of the inserted additions’ amounts. The influence of significant amounts of casting compound additives on the microstructure of calcium-silicate products was studied as well. It was stated, that they affect the location of the tobermorite in the volume of the autoclaved material.

ACS Style

Katarzyna Komisarczyk; Przemysław Czapik; Kamila Komisarczyk. Quartz bentonite sandmix in sand-lime products. Open Engineering 2019, 9, 367 -373.

AMA Style

Katarzyna Komisarczyk, Przemysław Czapik, Kamila Komisarczyk. Quartz bentonite sandmix in sand-lime products. Open Engineering. 2019; 9 (1):367-373.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katarzyna Komisarczyk; Przemysław Czapik; Kamila Komisarczyk. 2019. "Quartz bentonite sandmix in sand-lime products." Open Engineering 9, no. 1: 367-373.

Conference paper
Published: 10 July 2019 in MATEC Web of Conferences
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The paper presents the results of the research aimed at assessing the condition of reinforcement and concrete cover in selected elements of the structure of the most recognizable structure in Kielce, i.e. PKS station, located at Czarnowska Street. Currently, demolition works are underway resulting from the planned modernization. The assessment of the corrosion risk of the reinforcement in the construction elements was carried out with the use of a semi-non-destructive electrochemical method. The use of this method made it possible to determine the probability of reinforcement corrosion in the selected areas and to estimate its rate. The protective properties of concrete cover were checked by the carbonation test (test using a 1% phenolphthalein solution) and phase composition analysis (X-ray diffraction analysis). In order to determine the position of the reinforcing bars and to estimate the concrete cover thickness distribution in the areas corresponding to the aforementioned measurements, ferromagnetic detection system was used.

ACS Style

Paweł Tworzewski; Wioletta Raczkiewicz; Wioletta Grzmil; Przemysław Czapik. Condition assessment of selected reinforced concrete structural elements of the bus station in Kielce. MATEC Web of Conferences 2019, 284, 1 .

AMA Style

Paweł Tworzewski, Wioletta Raczkiewicz, Wioletta Grzmil, Przemysław Czapik. Condition assessment of selected reinforced concrete structural elements of the bus station in Kielce. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2019; 284 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paweł Tworzewski; Wioletta Raczkiewicz; Wioletta Grzmil; Przemysław Czapik. 2019. "Condition assessment of selected reinforced concrete structural elements of the bus station in Kielce." MATEC Web of Conferences 284, no. : 1.

Conference paper
Published: 23 January 2019 in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
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Growing interest in low-energy construction in Poland causes that apart from the use of renewable energy resources to supply power to the buildings, the most modern technological solutions are used, and sand-lime blocks are among them. They are characterized by high level of heat accumulation, high thermal insulation properties, they are a soundproof barrier allowing to maintain the high standard of using the building. Thanks to the use of exclusively natural raw materials for their production, they are also fully ecological. The purpose of the proposed modifications of silicate bricks is to improve physical and chemical properties, thus the performance characteristics, as well as to improve technological process. The article focuses on the optimization of the silicate material composition with the use of diabase and barite aggregate. Compressive strength, water absorption, density with use of pycnometer, porosity and tightness of composites were determined. Microstructure (phases composition) was examined using SEM, EDS and XRD analysis. Silicate components containing 10% of the diabase aggregate and 10% of barite aggregate achieve a compression strength of more than 8 MPa higher than the reference specimen. The use of modifiers at 10% (5% of diabase and 5% of barite) contributes to the improvement of bulk density from 1.821 to 2.189 g/cm3. This approximates the proper design of the material in terms of heat-humidity and reduces energy consumption in buildings.

ACS Style

K Komisarczyk; R Dachowski; Przemysław Czapik. Silicate composites modified with the use of diabase and barite aggregate as an alternative for low-energy construction. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2019, 214, 012072 .

AMA Style

K Komisarczyk, R Dachowski, Przemysław Czapik. Silicate composites modified with the use of diabase and barite aggregate as an alternative for low-energy construction. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2019; 214 (1):012072.

Chicago/Turabian Style

K Komisarczyk; R Dachowski; Przemysław Czapik. 2019. "Silicate composites modified with the use of diabase and barite aggregate as an alternative for low-energy construction." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 214, no. 1: 012072.

Journal article
Published: 29 June 2018 in Structure and Environment
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ACS Style

Przemysław Czapik; Mateusz Cebulski. THE PROPERTIES OF CEMENT MORTAR WITH NATURAL ZEOLITE AND SILICA FUME ADDITIONS. Structure and Environment 2018, 10, 105 -113.

AMA Style

Przemysław Czapik, Mateusz Cebulski. THE PROPERTIES OF CEMENT MORTAR WITH NATURAL ZEOLITE AND SILICA FUME ADDITIONS. Structure and Environment. 2018; 10 (2):105-113.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Przemysław Czapik; Mateusz Cebulski. 2018. "THE PROPERTIES OF CEMENT MORTAR WITH NATURAL ZEOLITE AND SILICA FUME ADDITIONS." Structure and Environment 10, no. 2: 105-113.

Conference paper
Published: 15 June 2018 in MATEC Web of Conferences
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On the basis of examinations of the efflorescences formed on the concrete surface, an attempt was made to analyze the sources of concrete corrosion without entering inside the construction. The concrete stairs revealed the symptoms of leaching, as a result of alkali-aggregate reactions developing beneath the surface. As a result of this corrosion process and the carbonation propagating from the concrete surface, the carbonate efflorescences were found. Their phase composition was determined by X-ray diffraction. In order to identify whether the efflorescences were the results of the alkali-silica reaction or alkalicarbonate reaction, the microstructure was investigated using the scanning electron microscope together with energy dispersive spectroscopy.

ACS Style

Przemysław Czapik; Zdzisława Owsiak. Chemical corrosion of external stairs – case study. MATEC Web of Conferences 2018, 163, 05003 .

AMA Style

Przemysław Czapik, Zdzisława Owsiak. Chemical corrosion of external stairs – case study. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2018; 163 ():05003.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Przemysław Czapik; Zdzisława Owsiak. 2018. "Chemical corrosion of external stairs – case study." MATEC Web of Conferences 163, no. : 05003.

Journal article
Published: 30 May 2018 in Materials
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The mechanism of concrete degradation as a result of an alkali-silica reaction (ASR) largely depends on the mineral composition and microstructure of the reactive aggregate. This paper shows the reactivity results of quartz-glaukonitic sandstone, which is mainly responsible for the reactivity of some post-glacial gravels, available in Poland. After initial petrographic observations under a light microscope, the mode of sandstone degradation triggered by the reaction with sodium and potassium hydroxides was identified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It has been found that chalcedony agglomerates present in sandstone are separated from the rock matrix and subsequently cause the cracks formation in this matrix. Additionally, microcrystalline and potentially reactive silica is also dispersed in sandstone cement.

ACS Style

Przemysław Czapik. Degradation of Glaukonite Sandstone as a Result of Alkali-Silica Reactions in Cement Mortar. Materials 2018, 11, 924 .

AMA Style

Przemysław Czapik. Degradation of Glaukonite Sandstone as a Result of Alkali-Silica Reactions in Cement Mortar. Materials. 2018; 11 (6):924.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Przemysław Czapik. 2018. "Degradation of Glaukonite Sandstone as a Result of Alkali-Silica Reactions in Cement Mortar." Materials 11, no. 6: 924.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2015 in Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences
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Damage and defects observed in concrete elements, such as a network of microcracks, popouts and eflorrescence can be caused by a variety of deleterious processes. The causes can include mechanical (overloading), physical (freeze-thaw cycle) or chemical exposure (sulphate corrosion, alkali-aggregate reaction). This paper analyses distress due to alkali-silica reaction, detected in selected concrete structures. The analysed concrete elements exhibited cracking, exudations and surface popouts. Identification of the presence of hydrated sodium-potassiumcalcium silicate gel can be considered the primary symptom suggestive of an alkali-silica reaction attack. Other damage-causing mechanisms can occur simultaneously.

ACS Style

Z. Owsiak; J. Zapała-Sławeta; P. Czapik. Diagnosis of concrete structures distress due to alkali-aggregate reaction. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 2015, 63, 23 -29.

AMA Style

Z. Owsiak, J. Zapała-Sławeta, P. Czapik. Diagnosis of concrete structures distress due to alkali-aggregate reaction. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences. 2015; 63 (1):23-29.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Z. Owsiak; J. Zapała-Sławeta; P. Czapik. 2015. "Diagnosis of concrete structures distress due to alkali-aggregate reaction." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 63, no. 1: 23-29.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2015 in Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences
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Alkali-aggregate reaction is an expansive chemical reaction between the alkalis present in cement paste and minerals contained in aggregates. Mineral admixtures can mitigate the detrimental processes caused by this reaction. One of the minerals that reduce the effects of the alkali-aggregate reaction is natural zeolite. This study attempts to explain the process that takes place in the zone surrounding reactive gravel in the cement mortar made with an addition of natural zeolite. Mortar bar expansion tests were performed and a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer was used to observe the paste-aggregate interfacial zone. The results confirmed the influence of the zeolite on the reduction in reactive aggregate-based mortar expansion. The microstructure of the aggregatepaste interfacial region was described and particular sub-zones varying in terms of calcium, sodium, potassium and silicon contents were determined.

ACS Style

Z. Owsiak; P. Czapik. Interfacial transition zone of cement paste-reactive aggregate in cement-zeolite mortars. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 2015, 63, 31 -34.

AMA Style

Z. Owsiak, P. Czapik. Interfacial transition zone of cement paste-reactive aggregate in cement-zeolite mortars. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences. 2015; 63 (1):31-34.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Z. Owsiak; P. Czapik. 2015. "Interfacial transition zone of cement paste-reactive aggregate in cement-zeolite mortars." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 63, no. 1: 31-34.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2014 in Archives of Civil Engineering
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Alkali-aggregate reactivity (AAR) is one of the major causes of damage in concrete. Potential susceptibility of aggregates to this reaction can be determined using several methods. This study compares gravel alkali reactivity results obtained from different tests conducted on coarse aggregates with complex petrography. The potential for the reactivity in the aggregates was revealed in the chemical test using treatment with sodium hydroxide. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to identify the reactive constituents. The expansion measured in the mortar bars test confirmed that the aggregate was potentially capable of alkali silica reactivity with consequent deleterious effect on concrete.

ACS Style

Z. Owsiak; P. Czapik; J. Zapała-Sławeta. Assessment Gravel Aggregate Reactivity With Alkalis In Relation To Methods Of Test. Archives of Civil Engineering 2014, 60, 441 -452.

AMA Style

Z. Owsiak, P. Czapik, J. Zapała-Sławeta. Assessment Gravel Aggregate Reactivity With Alkalis In Relation To Methods Of Test. Archives of Civil Engineering. 2014; 60 (4):441-452.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Z. Owsiak; P. Czapik; J. Zapała-Sławeta. 2014. "Assessment Gravel Aggregate Reactivity With Alkalis In Relation To Methods Of Test." Archives of Civil Engineering 60, no. 4: 441-452.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2013 in Construction and Building Materials
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The calorimetric method was used as a main tool in the studies of the effect of superplasticizing and set retarding admixtures on cement hydration. The experiments were carried out using two types of cements (neat Portland cement CEM I 42.5R and blended Portland cement type CEM II/B-M (S-V) 42.5N), at varying w/c ratio 0.5 and 0.3 respectively. The hampering of cement hydration process at early age in the presence of these admixtures was generally observed. This is in practice equivalent to the set retardation. The dissolution, as well as the precipitation of hydration products were retarded too, as it has been proved by the DTA/TG, conductometric measurements and the evaluation of so-called chemical shrinkage. However in case of superplasticizers, after a prolonged “dormant” period the process is continued; the reactions occur at fairly good rate giving substantial heat effects – it can be concluded from the total heat evolved values after standard 41 h. At longer time a significant amounts of products are formed as well, but it seems that the crystallization of calcium oxide is disturbed; simultaneously the amount and composition of calcium silicate hydrates alters towards the “more amorphous” product. This could be observed under SEM. The set retarders give strong delaying effect, particularly at low amount of water and in the pastes produced from Portland cement. This can be due to the formation of insoluble layer of calcium and sugar or calcium and phosphorus containing compounds surrounding the hydrating grains; the formation of this “barrier” can be distinguished as a small peak on the calorimetric curve and it is poorly removable on further hydration. The shrinkage and conductivity measurements seem to prove not only the change of kinetics of heat evolution/hydration but also the modification of the process and resulting products.

ACS Style

Wiesława Nocuń-Wczelik; Przemysław Czapik. Use of calorimetry and other methods in the studies of water reducers and set retarders interaction with hydrating cement paste. Construction and Building Materials 2013, 38, 980 -986.

AMA Style

Wiesława Nocuń-Wczelik, Przemysław Czapik. Use of calorimetry and other methods in the studies of water reducers and set retarders interaction with hydrating cement paste. Construction and Building Materials. 2013; 38 ():980-986.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wiesława Nocuń-Wczelik; Przemysław Czapik. 2013. "Use of calorimetry and other methods in the studies of water reducers and set retarders interaction with hydrating cement paste." Construction and Building Materials 38, no. : 980-986.