Most hemoparasites hosted by wild birds appear to be harmless, but most of the blood parasite studies in avian wildlife are mainly focused on passerines or migratory species. This study aimed to assess the occurrence of blood parasites in nocturnal raptors (Strigiformes order) and their effect on hematological parameters. A total of 134 blood samples were collected during a four-year period for hematological analysis and hemoparasite detection and quantification by microscopical examination of the samples. Overall, the occurrence of hemoparasites was 35.1%, with Leucocytozoon being the most frequently detected (32.1%), followed by Haemoproteus (11.2%), Trypanosoma and Plasmodium (2.2% each). Among the different bird species, the Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) showed the highest blood parasite positivity (94.7%). In barn owls, the positive birds displayed a lower hematocrit measurement and body condition score than the non-parasitized ones (p = 0.007 and p = 0.005, respectively), especially those parasitized by Leucocytozoon. Moreover, the analysis of the magnitude of this association revealed that the presence of hemoparasites is five times more frequent in barn owls with a 2/5 body condition score. Despite the host–parasite coevolution in Strigiformes, our results show a correlation between the presence of hemoparasites and some health parameters, including blood parameters.

The threat of plastic pollution has escalated to unprecedented levels, with particular concern surrounding microplastics (MPs) and artificial fibers or particles (AFs) due to their wide distribution across ecosystems and their bioavailability to wildlife. Although research on the impact of plastic on wild birds is rapidly growing, knowledge of terrestrial species remains limited, especially regarding raptors, which have been significantly understudied. Here, we investigated the prevalence of MPs and AFs in regurgitated pellets from six protected terrestrial raptor species, namely the Cinereous Vulture (Aegypius monachus), the Bonelli’s Eagle (Aquila fasciata), the Little Owl (Athene noctua), the Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni), the Red Kite (Milvus milvus), and the Barn Owl (Tyto alba), collected between 2022 and 2023. Our analysis revealed that 68% of the pellets contained MPs (47 out of 69), and 81% contained AFs (56 out of 69). Additionally, two macroplastics were found inside the pellets: a cable tie in a Red Kite and a bird identification ring in a Cinereous Vulture. The concentrations (mean ± standard error of the mean) were 2.39 ± 0.39 MPs/pellet and 5.16 ± 0.72 AFs/pellet. The concentration of MPs and AFs varied significantly among some of the studied species; however, no significant differences were observed among urban, rural, and protected areas. This could indicate that contamination levels are mainly related to the type of species. Fibers emerged as the predominant contaminant shape, with six different polymers identified, among which PET, PE, and acrylics were the most prevalent. These findings highlight that plastic pollution has reached protected terrestrial raptors and that the impact of plastic on their life cycles needs to be assessed.

White storks (Ciconia ciconia) are recognized as effective bioindicators of environmental contamination due to their wide distribution and trophic flexibility. In this study, we analyzed blood concentrations of 47 essential, toxic, and potentially toxic elements in 189 white storks from central Spain, assessing the influence of age, health status, and anthropogenic pressure on metal accumulation. Birds were grouped into chicks, fledglings, and adults. Statistical comparisons were performed using non-parametric tests and general linear models (GLMs), depending on data distribution. Our findings indicate that age significantly affects metal accumulation, with fledglings exhibiting higher concentrations of lead (Pb, p = 0.0024), arsenic (As, p = 0.0012), cadmium (Cd, p = 0.0476), and manganese (Mn, p = 0.0467) compared to adults, suggesting increased exposure through parental feeding and trophic transfer. Health status was also a critical determinant: sick individuals showed significantly elevated levels of Cd (p < 0.0001), Pb (p < 0.0001), and As (p = 0.0166), supporting the role of metal toxicity in avian morbidity. In terms of anthropogenic exposure, storks sampled within 30 km of landfills exhibited significantly higher concentrations of As (p = 0.0002), Cd (p = 0.0118), and Hg (p = 0.0412). Individuals with foreign materials in the digestive tract also showed increased Pb (p = 0.0007) and Cd (p = 0.0008) levels. Conversely, no significant differences were found between individuals from areas of high versus low human population density. These results highlight the impact of environmental pollution on metal bioaccumulation in white storks and demonstrate the influence of landfill proximity and trophic exposure on contaminant burdens. Given their role as a sentinel species, our findings underscore the need for stricter waste management policies and continued biomonitoring efforts to mitigate toxic metal exposure in wildlife.