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Hanping Mao
High-tech Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment and Intelligence of Jiangsu Province, Zhenjiang 212013, China

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Journal article
Published: 07 July 2021 in Agriculture
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The downwash airflow field of UAVs is insufficient under the dual influence of greenhouse structure and crop occlusion, and the distribution characteristics of the flight flow field of UAVs in greenhouses are unclear. In order to promote the application of UAVs in greenhouses, the flow field characteristics of UAVs in a greenhouse were studied herein. In a greenhouse containing tomato plants, a porous media model was used to simulate the obstacle effect of crops on the airflow. The multi-reference system model method was selected to solve the flow field of the UAV. Studies have shown that the airflow field generated by UAV flight in a greenhouse is mainly affected by the greenhouse structure. With the increase in UAV flight height, the ground effect of the downwash flow field weakened, and the flow field spread downward and around. The area affected by the flow field of the crops became larger, while the development of the crop convection field was less affected. The simulation was verified by experiments, and linear regression analysis was carried out between the experimental value and the simulation value. The experimental results were found to be in good agreement with the simulation results.

ACS Style

Qiang Shi; Yulei Pan; Beibei He; Huaiqun Zhu; Da Liu; Baoguo Shen; Hanping Mao. The Airflow Field Characteristics of UAV Flight in a Greenhouse. Agriculture 2021, 11, 634 .

AMA Style

Qiang Shi, Yulei Pan, Beibei He, Huaiqun Zhu, Da Liu, Baoguo Shen, Hanping Mao. The Airflow Field Characteristics of UAV Flight in a Greenhouse. Agriculture. 2021; 11 (7):634.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiang Shi; Yulei Pan; Beibei He; Huaiqun Zhu; Da Liu; Baoguo Shen; Hanping Mao. 2021. "The Airflow Field Characteristics of UAV Flight in a Greenhouse." Agriculture 11, no. 7: 634.

Journal article
Published: 26 January 2021 in Agronomy
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This study was conducted to investigate the effects of various irrigation water (W) and nitrogen (N) levels on growth, root-shoot morphology, yield, and irrigation water use efficiency of greenhouse tomatoes in spring–summer and fall–winter. The experiment consisted of three irrigation water levels (W: 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), 80%, and 60% of full irrigation) and three N application levels (N: 100%, 75%, and 50% of the standard nitrogen concentration in Hoagland’s solution treatments equivalent to 15, 11.25, 7.5 mM). All the growth parameters of tomato significantly decreased (p < 0.05) with the decrease in the amount of irrigation and nitrogen application. Results depicted that a slight decrease in irrigation and an increase in N supply improved average root diameter, total root length, and root surface area, while the interaction was observed non-significant at average diameter of roots. Compared to the control, W80N100 was statistically non-significant in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The W80N100 resulted in a yield decrease of 2.90% and 8.75% but increased irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) by 21.40% and 14.06%. Among interactions, the reduction in a single factor at W80N100 and W100N75 compensated the growth and yield. Hence, W80N100 was found to be optimal regarding yield and IWUE, with 80% of irrigation water and 15 mM of N fertilization for soilless tomato production in greenhouses.

ACS Style

Ikram Ullah; Hanping Mao; Ghulam Rasool; Hongyan Gao; Qaiser Javed; Abid Sarwar; Muhammad Imran Khan. Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Reduced N Fertilization on Plant Growth, Root Morphology, and Water Use Efficiency of Tomato Grown in Soilless Culture. Agronomy 2021, 11, 228 .

AMA Style

Ikram Ullah, Hanping Mao, Ghulam Rasool, Hongyan Gao, Qaiser Javed, Abid Sarwar, Muhammad Imran Khan. Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Reduced N Fertilization on Plant Growth, Root Morphology, and Water Use Efficiency of Tomato Grown in Soilless Culture. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (2):228.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ikram Ullah; Hanping Mao; Ghulam Rasool; Hongyan Gao; Qaiser Javed; Abid Sarwar; Muhammad Imran Khan. 2021. "Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Reduced N Fertilization on Plant Growth, Root Morphology, and Water Use Efficiency of Tomato Grown in Soilless Culture." Agronomy 11, no. 2: 228.

Journal article
Published: 21 January 2021 in Biosystems Engineering
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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are becoming increasingly used in agriculture. Many agricultural operations, the involving UAVs are carried out at low flying altitudes, which generates a powerful downwash flow field that changes the shape of plants. To explore the influences of the downwash flow field on the shape of plants, this paper focused on rice plants at heading stage and tested the effect of different UAV flight parameters. The single-factor tests in hover showed that the wind speed at the rice canopy reduced and turbulence intensity of the downwash flow field increased as the UAV flight altitude increased from 2 to 8 m. Moreover, it showed that the degree of rice plant deformation was closely related to the maximum velocity of the downwash flow field. The multifactor field tests showed that the area of rice deformation was shaped like a horseshoe; and the flight altitude (1.5–5 m), flight speed (1–5 m s−1) and payload (0–20 kg) had obvious effects on rice plant deformation with the greatest effect due to payload, followed by flight speed, and flight altitude. When the maximum wind speed was less than 3 m s−1, the downwash flow field did not cause obvious changes to rice plant morphology.

ACS Style

Qiang Shi; Da Liu; Hanping Mao; Baoguo Shen; Meiqing Li. Wind-induced response of rice under the action of the downwash flow field of a multi-rotor UAV. Biosystems Engineering 2021, 203, 60 -69.

AMA Style

Qiang Shi, Da Liu, Hanping Mao, Baoguo Shen, Meiqing Li. Wind-induced response of rice under the action of the downwash flow field of a multi-rotor UAV. Biosystems Engineering. 2021; 203 ():60-69.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiang Shi; Da Liu; Hanping Mao; Baoguo Shen; Meiqing Li. 2021. "Wind-induced response of rice under the action of the downwash flow field of a multi-rotor UAV." Biosystems Engineering 203, no. : 60-69.

Journal article
Published: 22 December 2020 in Agronomy
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The spatial distribution of root systems in the soil has major impacts on soil water and nutrient uptake and ultimately crop yield. This research aimed to optimize the root distribution patterns, growth, and yield of cherry tomato by using a number of emitters per plant. A randomized complete block design technique was adopted by selecting eight treatments with two irrigation regimes and four levels of emitters under greenhouse conditions. The experiment results showed that the root distribution extended over the entire pot horizontally and shifted vertically upwards with increased emitter density. The deficit irrigation resulted in reduced horizontal root extension and shifted the root concentrations deeper. Notably, tomato plants with two emitters per plant and deficit irrigation treatment showed an optimal root distribution compared to the other treatments, showing wider and deeper dispersion measurements and higher root length density and root weight density through the soil with the highest benefit–cost ratio (1.3 and 1.1 cm cm−3, 89.8 and 77.7 µg cm−3, and 4.20 and 4.24 during spring–summer and fall-winter cropping seasons, respectively). The increases in yield and water use efficiency (due to increased yield) were 19% and 18.8%, respectively, for spring–summer cropping season and 11.5% and 11.8%, respectively, for fall–winter cropping season, with two emitters per plant over a single emitter. The decrease in yield was 5.3% and 4%, and increase in water use efficiency (due to deficit irrigation) was 26.2% and 27.9% for spring-summer and fall-winter cropping seasons, respectively, by deficit irrigation over full irrigation. Moreover, it was observed that two, three, and four emitters per plant had no significant effects on yield and water use efficiency. Thus, it was concluded that two emitters per plant with deficit irrigation is optimum under greenhouse conditions for the cultivation of potted cherry tomatoes, considering the root morphology, root distribution, dry matter production, yield, water use efficiency, and economic analysis.

ACS Style

Abdul Shabbir; Hanping Mao; Ikram Ullah; Noman Ali Buttar; Muhammad Ajmal; Kashif Ali Solangi. Improving Water Use Efficiency by Optimizing the Root Distribution Patterns under Varying Drip Emitter Density and Drought Stress for Cherry Tomato. Agronomy 2020, 11, 3 .

AMA Style

Abdul Shabbir, Hanping Mao, Ikram Ullah, Noman Ali Buttar, Muhammad Ajmal, Kashif Ali Solangi. Improving Water Use Efficiency by Optimizing the Root Distribution Patterns under Varying Drip Emitter Density and Drought Stress for Cherry Tomato. Agronomy. 2020; 11 (1):3.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdul Shabbir; Hanping Mao; Ikram Ullah; Noman Ali Buttar; Muhammad Ajmal; Kashif Ali Solangi. 2020. "Improving Water Use Efficiency by Optimizing the Root Distribution Patterns under Varying Drip Emitter Density and Drought Stress for Cherry Tomato." Agronomy 11, no. 1: 3.

Journal article
Published: 07 December 2020 in Agronomy
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Abiotic and biotic stresses both decrease the quality and quantity of cultivated plants. In this study, in order to see the responses of cucumber plants to drought stress and cucumber downy mildew infection, downy mildew infestation at different two levels, B1 (disease infestation) and B2 (no disease infestation), along with three fertigation requirement levels, full fertigation T1, moderate nutrient solution deficit T2 and severe nutrient solution deficit T3, were applied in a greenhouse. Thus, six treatments, i.e., B1T1, B1T2, B1T3, B2T1, B2T2 and B2T3, were set. The leaf gas-exchange parameters were significantly increased under CK (control experiment, B2T1: no disease infestation and full irrigation) treatment, and leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were significantly decreased under the B1T1 treatment. Leaf intercellular CO2 concentration was significantly increased under B1T1 treatment. Leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance were significantly decreased under B1T2, B1T3, B2T2 and B2T3 treatments. Compared with treatment CK (B2T1), the plant height of cucumber under B1T1, B1T2, B1T3, B2T2 and B2T3 treatments decreased by 11.41%, 19.05%, 27.48%, 7.55% and 10.62%, respectively; the stem diameter of cucumber under B1T1, B1T2, B1T3, B2T2 and B2T3 treatments decreased by 5.70%, 13.45%, 23.03%, 9.46% and 15.74%, respectively; and leaf area of cucumber under B1T1, B1T2, B1T3, B2T2 and B2T3 treatments decreased by 22.79%, 38.68%, 58.28%, 13.76% and 29.96%, respectively. The root–shoot ratio of cucumber under B1T1, B1T2, B1T3, B2T1, B2T2 and B2T3 treatments was 3.16%, 2.99%, 4.11%, 3.92%, 3.13% and 3.63%, respectively. The root–shoot ratio of cucumber was the highest under the B1T3 treatment.

ACS Style

Yafei Wang; Guoxin Ma; Xiaoxue Du; Yong Liu; Bin Wang; Guilin Xu; Hanping Mao. Effects of Nutrient Solution Irrigation Quantity and Downy Mildew Infection on Growth and Physiological Traits of Greenhouse Cucumber. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1921 .

AMA Style

Yafei Wang, Guoxin Ma, Xiaoxue Du, Yong Liu, Bin Wang, Guilin Xu, Hanping Mao. Effects of Nutrient Solution Irrigation Quantity and Downy Mildew Infection on Growth and Physiological Traits of Greenhouse Cucumber. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (12):1921.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yafei Wang; Guoxin Ma; Xiaoxue Du; Yong Liu; Bin Wang; Guilin Xu; Hanping Mao. 2020. "Effects of Nutrient Solution Irrigation Quantity and Downy Mildew Infection on Growth and Physiological Traits of Greenhouse Cucumber." Agronomy 10, no. 12: 1921.

Journal article
Published: 05 November 2020 in Applied Sciences
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Airborne fungal spores have always played an important role in the spread of fungal crop diseases, causing great concern. The traditional microscopic spore classification method mainly relies on naked eye observations and classification by professional and technical personnel in a laboratory. Due to the large number of spores captured, this method is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and inefficient, and sometimes leads to huge errors. Thus, an alternative method is required. In this study, a method was proposed to identify airborne disease spores from greenhouse crops using digital image processing. First, in an indoor simulation, images of airborne disease spores from three greenhouse crops were collected using portable volumetric spore traps. Then, a series of image preprocessing methods were used to identify the spores, including mean filtering, Gaussian filtering, OTSU (maximum between-class variance) method binarization, morphological operations, and mask operations. After image preprocessing, 90 features of the spores were extracted, including color, shape, and texture features. Based on these features, logistics regression (LR), K nearest neighbor (KNN), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM) classification models were built. The test results showed that the average accuracy rates for the 3 classes of disease spores using the SVM model, LR model, KNN model, and RF model were 94.36%, 90.13%, 89.37%, and 89.23%, respectively. The harmonic average of the accuracy and the recall rate value (F value) were higher for the SVM model and its overall average value reached 91.68%, which was 2.03, 3.59, and 3.96 percentage points higher than the LR model, KNN model, and RF model, respectively. Therefore, this method can effectively identify 3 classes of diseases spores and this study can provide a reference for the identification of greenhouse disease spores.

ACS Style

Yafei Wang; Xiaoxue Du; Guoxin Ma; Yong Liu; Bin Wang; Hanping Mao. Classification Methods for Airborne Disease Spores from Greenhouse Crops Based on Multifeature Fusion. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 7850 .

AMA Style

Yafei Wang, Xiaoxue Du, Guoxin Ma, Yong Liu, Bin Wang, Hanping Mao. Classification Methods for Airborne Disease Spores from Greenhouse Crops Based on Multifeature Fusion. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (21):7850.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yafei Wang; Xiaoxue Du; Guoxin Ma; Yong Liu; Bin Wang; Hanping Mao. 2020. "Classification Methods for Airborne Disease Spores from Greenhouse Crops Based on Multifeature Fusion." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21: 7850.

Journal article
Published: 30 October 2020 in Agronomy
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Root morphology and its components’ behavior could show a considerable response under multiple water application points per plant to help the ultimate effect of fruit yield and fruit quality. In this study, a comparison of a single emitter per plant was made with two, three, and four emitters per plant under drip irrigation and two irrigation levels (full irrigation 100% and deficit irrigation 75% of crop evapotranspiration) to investigate their effects on physiological parameters, root, yield, and their associated components for potted cherry tomato under greenhouse conditions in Jiangsu-China. The experimental results showed that the plants cultivated in the spring-summer planting season showed significantly higher results than the fall-winter planting season due to low temperatures in the fall-winter planting season. However, the response root length, root average diameter, root dry mass, leaf area index, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, fruit unit fresh weight, the number of fruits, and pH were increased by multiple emitters per plant over a single emitter per plant, but total soluble solids decreased. Besides, a decreasing trend was observed by deficit irrigation for both planting seasons, and vice versa for the case for tomato total soluble solids. Due to an increase in measured parameters for multiple emitters per plant over a single emitter per plant, the yield, water use efficiency, and water use efficiency biomass significantly increased by 18.1%, 17.6%, and 15.1%, respectively. The deficit irrigation caused a decrease in the yield of 5% and an increase in water use efficiency and water use efficiency biomass of 21.4% and 22.9%, respectively. Two, three, and four emitters per plant had no significant effects, and the obtained results were similar. Considering the root morphology, yield, water use efficiency, water use efficiency biomass, and fruit geometry and quality, two emitters per plant with deficit irrigation are recommended for potted cherry tomato under greenhouse conditions. The explanation for the increased biomass production of the plant, yield, and water use efficiency is that two emitters per plant (increased emitter density) reduced drought stress to the roots, causing increased root morphology and leaf area index and finally promoting the plant’s photosynthetic activity.

ACS Style

Abdul Shabbir; Hanping Mao; Ikram Ullah; Noman Ali Buttar; Muhammad Ajmal; Imran Ali Lakhiar. Effects of Drip Irrigation Emitter Density with Various Irrigation Levels on Physiological Parameters, Root, Yield, and Quality of Cherry Tomato. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1685 .

AMA Style

Abdul Shabbir, Hanping Mao, Ikram Ullah, Noman Ali Buttar, Muhammad Ajmal, Imran Ali Lakhiar. Effects of Drip Irrigation Emitter Density with Various Irrigation Levels on Physiological Parameters, Root, Yield, and Quality of Cherry Tomato. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (11):1685.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdul Shabbir; Hanping Mao; Ikram Ullah; Noman Ali Buttar; Muhammad Ajmal; Imran Ali Lakhiar. 2020. "Effects of Drip Irrigation Emitter Density with Various Irrigation Levels on Physiological Parameters, Root, Yield, and Quality of Cherry Tomato." Agronomy 10, no. 11: 1685.

Journal article
Published: 30 September 2020 in Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
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A modelling and simulation method was developed to comprehensively describe and quantify the unmeasurable dynamic threshing process based on the discrete element method (DEM). To establish a simulation model of rice plants, experiments were carried out to determine the relevant biological and mechanical parameters. A discrete element model of rice plants was established using hollow cylindrical elastic bonds. The complex threshing process of grain was simulated. Through the threshing simulation, the dynamic behaviour of flexible rice plants under large deformation, fragmentation and multiple interaction conditions was accurately described at the particle level. The cumulative distribution of the separated grains obtained by the simulation was consistent with the experimental results. The maximum relative error of the grain separation rate between the simulated and experimental results under different feeding rates was 11.2%. The impact force distribution, grain flow field distribution, threshed grain percentage and grain separation rate during the threshing process could be easily obtained by the simulation. The threshing simulation could predict the effects of the feed rate, cylinder speed, threshing gap and rolling friction on the threshing performance.

ACS Style

Qirui Wang; Hanping Mao; Qinglin Li. Modelling and simulation of the grain threshing process based on the discrete element method. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2020, 178, 105790 .

AMA Style

Qirui Wang, Hanping Mao, Qinglin Li. Modelling and simulation of the grain threshing process based on the discrete element method. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2020; 178 ():105790.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qirui Wang; Hanping Mao; Qinglin Li. 2020. "Modelling and simulation of the grain threshing process based on the discrete element method." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 178, no. : 105790.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2020 in Agriculture
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Nitrogen and phosphorus limitation affect the growth, development, and productivity of lettuce, which exert a marked influence on metabolites. To compare the influence of low-nitrogen and low-phosphorus stresses on various metabolites of lettuce leaves, experiments were performed under three conditions of treatment—low-nitrogen stress, low-phosphorus stress, and normal samples. Metabolomic analyses were conducted based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Principle components analysis yielded distinctive clustering information among the holistic samples; fold change analysis, t-test and orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis were used for the selection of metabolic biomarkers. Ten pathways were selected which were significantly enriched by metabolic biomarkers. Metabolic biomarkers were screened by fold change (FC) value, p-value and variable importance in the projection (VIP) value, low-nitrogen and low-phosphorus stresses caused an increase in 16 metabolites (FC > 2, p-value < 0.05, VIP > 1) and a decrease in 26 metabolites (FC < 0.5, p-value < 0.05, VIP > 1). Outside of these, our results showed that inositol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, stachyose, dinoseb, and 7, 8-dihydroxycoumarin increase in low-nitrogen stress samples. Low-phosphorus stress caused accumulation of citrate, isocitrate, l-5-oxoproline, succinate, and histamine, which may be considered potential metabolic biomarkers. The metabolites could be used to monitor the nitrogen and phosphorus status of lettuce and to guide appropriate fertilization regimens.

ACS Style

Hongyan Gao; Hanping Mao; Ikram Ullah. Analysis of Metabolomic Changes in Lettuce Leaves under Low Nitrogen and Phosphorus Deficiencies Stresses. Agriculture 2020, 10, 406 .

AMA Style

Hongyan Gao, Hanping Mao, Ikram Ullah. Analysis of Metabolomic Changes in Lettuce Leaves under Low Nitrogen and Phosphorus Deficiencies Stresses. Agriculture. 2020; 10 (9):406.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hongyan Gao; Hanping Mao; Ikram Ullah. 2020. "Analysis of Metabolomic Changes in Lettuce Leaves under Low Nitrogen and Phosphorus Deficiencies Stresses." Agriculture 10, no. 9: 406.

Journal article
Published: 17 August 2020 in Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
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To effectively and practically solve the dynamic economic optimal control problem in greenhouse environments, an improved genetic algorithm with engineering constraint rules (R-GA) is proposed. Based on a dynamic greenhouse-crop model and control vector parameterization (CVP) method to discretize the control variables, the economic optimal control problem is transformed into a nonlinear programming (NLP) problem with finite-dimension parameters, and then R-GA is used to effectively solve the NLP problem. Three components were investigated, such as a smooth penalty function to deal with state variable path constraints, engineering constraint rules to improve the optimization performance and the algorithm feasibility, and the number of collocation points (Nc) to meet the actual control laws. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach greatly improves the effectiveness and feasibility to solve the dynamic optimal control problem in greenhouse environments.

ACS Style

Chun Jin; Hanping Mao; Yong Chen; Qiang Shi; Qirui Wang; Guoxing Ma; Yong Liu. Engineering-oriented dynamic optimal control of a greenhouse environment using an improved genetic algorithm with engineering constraint rules. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2020, 177, 105698 .

AMA Style

Chun Jin, Hanping Mao, Yong Chen, Qiang Shi, Qirui Wang, Guoxing Ma, Yong Liu. Engineering-oriented dynamic optimal control of a greenhouse environment using an improved genetic algorithm with engineering constraint rules. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2020; 177 ():105698.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chun Jin; Hanping Mao; Yong Chen; Qiang Shi; Qirui Wang; Guoxing Ma; Yong Liu. 2020. "Engineering-oriented dynamic optimal control of a greenhouse environment using an improved genetic algorithm with engineering constraint rules." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 177, no. : 105698.

Journal article
Published: 26 July 2020 in Agronomy
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Since plug seedling plays a key role in automatic transplanting, this work aimed to explore the effect biochar has on the root growth of plug seedlings. The physicochemical properties tests showed that the addition of biochar in the peats could increase the porosity, pH, and EC values of the substrate, and the substrates treated with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% biochar could meet the requirements of seedling raising. The water retention of the substrate was superior with the increase of biochar proportion, and the nitrogen release significantly decreased with the increase of the biochar proportion. Our results demonstrated that the substrate with 10% biochar-treated apparently promoted the growth of seedlings and root systems, even the length of the root-tip cells. However, the substrates with 40% and 50% biochar-treated obviously inhibited the growth of seedlings and root systems. It was noticed that the strength of substrate with appropriate biochar proportion was enhanced, as well. Under the interaction of strong root system and solid substrate, the compressive strength of the substrate with 20% and 10% biochar-treated was much better than others, especially that of 40% and 50% biochar-treated, which efficiently satisfied the requirements of automatic seedling picking. The biochar may have a good application prospect in seedling raising.

ACS Style

Guoxin Ma; Hanping Mao; Quan Bu; Luhua Han; Abdul Shabbir; Feng Gao. Effect of Compound Biochar Substrate on the Root Growth of Cucumber Plug Seedlings. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1080 .

AMA Style

Guoxin Ma, Hanping Mao, Quan Bu, Luhua Han, Abdul Shabbir, Feng Gao. Effect of Compound Biochar Substrate on the Root Growth of Cucumber Plug Seedlings. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (8):1080.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guoxin Ma; Hanping Mao; Quan Bu; Luhua Han; Abdul Shabbir; Feng Gao. 2020. "Effect of Compound Biochar Substrate on the Root Growth of Cucumber Plug Seedlings." Agronomy 10, no. 8: 1080.

Journal article
Published: 20 February 2020 in Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
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The grain separation process in a combine harvester is nonlinear and full of uncertainty. To study the process of separating grains from straw-grain mixtures (SGMs) in a combine harvester, a bonded-particle straw model (BSM) with flexible hollow cylindrical bonds was proposed. The mechanical properties of the BSM were simulated and compared with analytical predictions and experimental results. The maximum relative error between the BSM cantilever deflections and bending analytical predictions was 4.04%, and that between the normal displacements and stretching analytical predictions was 0.28%. Similarly, the maximum relative errors of the BSM cantilever deflections from bending test results and the normal displacements from stretching test results were 12.87% and 4.78%, respectively. Then, separation experiments with different straw area densities (SADs) were simulated using the BSM, and the simulation results were compared with experimental data. The coefficients of determination of the separation curve over time exceeded 0.995 for SADs of 2 and 3 kg/m2. Good agreement was achieved with maximum relative errors of 6.69% and 7.06% for the separation fraction results with SADs of 2 and 3 kg/m2, respectively. The BSM could accurately describe the separation process of grain from straw and quantify the interference of the straw and equipment.

ACS Style

Hanping Mao; Qirui Wang; Qinglin Li. Modelling and simulation of the straw-grain separation process based on a discrete element model with flexible hollow cylindrical bonds. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2020, 170, 105229 .

AMA Style

Hanping Mao, Qirui Wang, Qinglin Li. Modelling and simulation of the straw-grain separation process based on a discrete element model with flexible hollow cylindrical bonds. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2020; 170 ():105229.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hanping Mao; Qirui Wang; Qinglin Li. 2020. "Modelling and simulation of the straw-grain separation process based on a discrete element model with flexible hollow cylindrical bonds." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 170, no. : 105229.

Journal article
Published: 06 December 2019 in Agronomy
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With the rise of plant factories around the world, more and more crops are cultivated under artificial light. Studies on effects of lighting strategies on plant growth, such as different light intensities, photoperiods, and their combinations, have been widely conducted. However, research on application of multi-segment light strategies and associated plant growth mechanisms is still relatively lacking. In the present study, two lighting strategies, multi-segment light intensity and extended photoperiod, were compared with a constant light intensity with a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle and the same daily light integral (DLI). Both lighting strategies promoted plant growth but acted via different mechanisms. The multi-segment light intensity lighting strategy promoted plant growth by decreasing non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of the excited state of chlorophyll and increasing the quantum yield of PSII electron transport (PhiPSII), quantum yield of the carboxylation rate (PhiCO2), and photochemical quenching (qP), also taking advantage of the circadian rhythm. The extended photoperiod lighting strategy promoted plant growth by compensating for weak light stress and increasing light-use efficiency by increasing chlorophyll content under weak light conditions.

ACS Style

Hanping Mao; Teng Hang; Xiaodong Zhang; Na Lu. Both Multi-Segment Light Intensity and Extended Photoperiod Lighting Strategies, with the Same Daily Light Integral, Promoted Lactuca sativa L. Growth and Photosynthesis. Agronomy 2019, 9, 857 .

AMA Style

Hanping Mao, Teng Hang, Xiaodong Zhang, Na Lu. Both Multi-Segment Light Intensity and Extended Photoperiod Lighting Strategies, with the Same Daily Light Integral, Promoted Lactuca sativa L. Growth and Photosynthesis. Agronomy. 2019; 9 (12):857.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hanping Mao; Teng Hang; Xiaodong Zhang; Na Lu. 2019. "Both Multi-Segment Light Intensity and Extended Photoperiod Lighting Strategies, with the Same Daily Light Integral, Promoted Lactuca sativa L. Growth and Photosynthesis." Agronomy 9, no. 12: 857.

Journal article
Published: 30 March 2019 in Scientia Horticulturae
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To establish an effective leaf area model in a mini plant factory with artificial lighting (mini-PFAL) environment, we conducted three experiments exposing lettuce plants to different light cycles. Three treatments were set up in the first experiment: 12-h/12-h (light/dark), 6-h/6-h (light/dark), and 3-h/3-h (light/dark). We analyzed the dynamic changes in the lettuce leaf area under different light cycles in a mini-PFAL and established a leaf area model based on the accumulated product of thermal effectiveness and photosynthetically active radiation (TEP) method. Data from two subsequent experiments were used to validate the lettuce leaf area model and uncover the difference in plant growth caused by different light/dark cycle patterns from a physiological perspective. Results show that the TEP and light cycle influenced lettuce leaf area significantly. Under 12-h/12-h (light/dark) treatment, lettuce growth was better than in 6-h/6-h (light/dark) and 3-h/3-h (light/dark) conditions within the same TEP. The light cycle appeared to significantly affect the leaf area as well as morphogenesis. The shape of lettuce leaves was slenderer and the leaf angle was steeper under the longer light cycle. We believed the different illumination durations in a single light cycle altered the functional relationships between phytochromes and led to different plant shapes. At the same time, the plant shape caused different light interceptions that affected the growth and leaf areas. A relative longer light period (6-h light/6-h dark) increased leaf stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, and plant growth, compared to those of a shorter light period (3-h light/3-h dark). Based on these results, this study provides useful insights on regulation strategies related to light cycles and their effects on lettuce growth.

ACS Style

Teng Hang; Na Lu; Michiko Takagaki; Hanping Mao. Leaf area model based on thermal effectiveness and photosynthetically active radiation in lettuce grown in mini-plant factories under different light cycles. Scientia Horticulturae 2019, 252, 113 -120.

AMA Style

Teng Hang, Na Lu, Michiko Takagaki, Hanping Mao. Leaf area model based on thermal effectiveness and photosynthetically active radiation in lettuce grown in mini-plant factories under different light cycles. Scientia Horticulturae. 2019; 252 ():113-120.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teng Hang; Na Lu; Michiko Takagaki; Hanping Mao. 2019. "Leaf area model based on thermal effectiveness and photosynthetically active radiation in lettuce grown in mini-plant factories under different light cycles." Scientia Horticulturae 252, no. : 113-120.

Review
Published: 18 February 2019 in Sensors
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The quality and safety of food is an increasing concern for worldwide business. Non-destructive methods (NDM), as a means of assessment and instrumentation have created an esteemed value in sciences, especially in food industries. Currently, NDM are useful because they allow the simultaneous measurement of chemical and physical data from food without destruction of the substance. Additionally, NDM can obtain both quantitative and qualitative data at the same time without separate analyses. Recently, many studies on non-destructive detection measurements of agro-food products and final quality assessment of foods were reported. As a general statement, the future of using NDM for assessing the quality of food and agricultural products is bright; and it is possible to come up with interesting findings through development of more efficient and precise imaging systems like the machine vision technique. The present review aims to discuss the application of different non-destructive methods (NDM) for food quality and safety evaluation.

ACS Style

Hany S. El-Mesery; Hanping Mao; Abd El-Fatah Abomohra. Applications of Non-destructive Technologies for Agricultural and Food Products Quality Inspection. Sensors 2019, 19, 846 .

AMA Style

Hany S. El-Mesery, Hanping Mao, Abd El-Fatah Abomohra. Applications of Non-destructive Technologies for Agricultural and Food Products Quality Inspection. Sensors. 2019; 19 (4):846.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hany S. El-Mesery; Hanping Mao; Abd El-Fatah Abomohra. 2019. "Applications of Non-destructive Technologies for Agricultural and Food Products Quality Inspection." Sensors 19, no. 4: 846.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2018 in Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
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This study aims to produce high quality bio-oil by microwave co-pyrolysis of torrefied biomass (rice straw) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) using ZSM-5 as a catalyst. A central composite experimental design was used to optimize the reaction condition by response surface methodology analysis. The effects of reaction temperatures and catalyst dosages on the product yield and chemical selectivity of bio-oil were investigated. Results suggested that bio-oil obtained from torrefied biomass contained a lower water content compared with the control.The major chemical compounds of bio-oil were hydrocarbons, ketones, phenols, esters and alcohols (~80%).Bio-oils with high hydrocarbon content (~40% in the bio-oil) were obtained in the development of this experiment. Quadratic models were used to predict the bio-oil yield and chemical selectivity of the bio-oil obtained during the reactions.

ACS Style

Quan Bu; Yuanyuan Liu; Jianghui Liang; Hervan Marion Morgan; Lishi Yan; Fuqing Xu; Hanping Mao. Microwave-assisted co-pyrolysis of microwave torrefied biomass with waste plastics using ZSM-5 as a catalyst for high quality bio-oil. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2018, 134, 536 -543.

AMA Style

Quan Bu, Yuanyuan Liu, Jianghui Liang, Hervan Marion Morgan, Lishi Yan, Fuqing Xu, Hanping Mao. Microwave-assisted co-pyrolysis of microwave torrefied biomass with waste plastics using ZSM-5 as a catalyst for high quality bio-oil. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 2018; 134 ():536-543.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Quan Bu; Yuanyuan Liu; Jianghui Liang; Hervan Marion Morgan; Lishi Yan; Fuqing Xu; Hanping Mao. 2018. "Microwave-assisted co-pyrolysis of microwave torrefied biomass with waste plastics using ZSM-5 as a catalyst for high quality bio-oil." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 134, no. : 536-543.

Journal article
Published: 18 October 2017 in Molecules
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The release of nanoparticles into the environment is inevitable, which has raised global environmental concern. Melatonin is involved in various stress responses in plants. The present study investigated the effects of melatonin on photosynthetic carbon (C) assimilation and plant growth in nano-ZnO stressed plants. It was found that melatonin improved the photosynthetic C assimilation in nano-ZnO stressed wheat plants, mainly due to the enhanced photosynthetic energy transport efficiency, higher chlorophyll concentration and higher activities of Rubisco and ATPases. In addition, melatonin enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes to protect the photosynthetic electron transport system in wheat leaves against the oxidative burst caused by nano-ZnO stress. These results suggest that melatonin could improve the tolerance of wheat plants to nano-ZnO stress.

ACS Style

Zhiyu Zuo; Luying Sun; Tianyu Wang; Peng Miao; Xiancan Zhu; Shengqun Liu; Fengbin Song; Hanping Mao; Xiangnan Li. Melatonin Improves the Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation and Antioxidant Capacity in Wheat Exposed to Nano-ZnO Stress. Molecules 2017, 22, 1727 .

AMA Style

Zhiyu Zuo, Luying Sun, Tianyu Wang, Peng Miao, Xiancan Zhu, Shengqun Liu, Fengbin Song, Hanping Mao, Xiangnan Li. Melatonin Improves the Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation and Antioxidant Capacity in Wheat Exposed to Nano-ZnO Stress. Molecules. 2017; 22 (10):1727.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhiyu Zuo; Luying Sun; Tianyu Wang; Peng Miao; Xiancan Zhu; Shengqun Liu; Fengbin Song; Hanping Mao; Xiangnan Li. 2017. "Melatonin Improves the Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation and Antioxidant Capacity in Wheat Exposed to Nano-ZnO Stress." Molecules 22, no. 10: 1727.

Article
Published: 05 July 2017 in Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves
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To overcome the large chip area occupation for the traditional terahertz multi-frequency detector by using the antenna elements in a different frequency, a novel structure for a multi-frequency detector is proposed and studied. Based on the ring antenna detector, an embedded multi-ring antenna with multi-port is proposed for the multi-frequency detector. A single-ring and dual-ring detectors are analyzed and designed in 0.18 μ m CMOS. For the single-ring detector, the best responsivity and NEP is 701 V/W and 261 pW/Hz0.5 at the frequency of 290 GHz. For the dual-ring detector, the best responsivity is 367 V/W and 297 V/W, NEP is 578 pW/Hz0.5 and 713pW/Hz0.5, at the frequency of 600 GHz and 806 GHz, respectively. This embedded multi-ring detector has a simple structure which can be expanded easily in a compact size.

ACS Style

Lei-Jun Xu; Jia-Ning Guan; Xue Bai; Qin Li; Han-Ping Mao. A Novel CMOS Multi-band THz Detector with Embedded Ring Antenna. Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves 2017, 38, 1189 -1205.

AMA Style

Lei-Jun Xu, Jia-Ning Guan, Xue Bai, Qin Li, Han-Ping Mao. A Novel CMOS Multi-band THz Detector with Embedded Ring Antenna. Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves. 2017; 38 (10):1189-1205.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lei-Jun Xu; Jia-Ning Guan; Xue Bai; Qin Li; Han-Ping Mao. 2017. "A Novel CMOS Multi-band THz Detector with Embedded Ring Antenna." Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves 38, no. 10: 1189-1205.

Plant environment interactions
Published: 01 January 2017 in Journal of Plant Interactions
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This research was conducted to determine the water consumption of tomato plants, the effects of water stress on stem sap flow (SF) and its response to climatic factors. SFs in 100% irrigation (T1), 75% (T2) and 50% (T3) of irrigation amount of T1 were monitored using Dynagage sensors. Compared to T1, the difference in SF was observed under deficit irrigation in the same climatic conditions on sunny days although there was no apparent difference between T1 and T2 on cloudy days. Under T1, the correlation and regression relationships between SF and climatic factors were analyzed at daytime (6:00–22:00), morning (6:00–14:00) and afternoon (14:00–22:00). Considering daytime, the order of sensitive indicators to SF was VPD > LI > Ta and LI > VPD > Ta for the Fall-Winter sunny days and Spring-Summer season, respectively. The water uptake over SFs measured for Fall-Winter and Spring-Summer periods were calculated as 168.65 and 229.18 mm, respectively.

ACS Style

Mao Hanping; Ikram Ullah; Ni Jiheng; Qaiser Javed; Ahmad Azeem. Estimating tomato water consumption by sap flow measurement in response to water stress under greenhouse conditions. Journal of Plant Interactions 2017, 12, 402 -413.

AMA Style

Mao Hanping, Ikram Ullah, Ni Jiheng, Qaiser Javed, Ahmad Azeem. Estimating tomato water consumption by sap flow measurement in response to water stress under greenhouse conditions. Journal of Plant Interactions. 2017; 12 (1):402-413.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mao Hanping; Ikram Ullah; Ni Jiheng; Qaiser Javed; Ahmad Azeem. 2017. "Estimating tomato water consumption by sap flow measurement in response to water stress under greenhouse conditions." Journal of Plant Interactions 12, no. 1: 402-413.

Journal article
Published: 10 May 2016 in Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry
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This work reports a facile approach to achieve the immobilization of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) by one-step electrodeposition and the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) behaviors of the graphene quantum dots-chitosan (GQDs-CHIT) film was investigated with peroxydisulfate (K2S2O8) solution as coreactant. Compare with the traditional dispensing method, the GQDs-CHIT/Au electrode by one-step electrodeposition showed more stable ECL signal. And the ECL signal of GQDs-CHIT modified electrode in K2S2O8 solution was about 11-fold enhanced than that of bare electrode with the ECL onset potential positive shifted from − 1.03 V to − 0.82 V. Based on the above, an ECL sensor for K2S2O8 determination was fabricated. The as-prepared ECL K2S2O8 sensor shows wide linear response of 0.01–150 mM with the detection limit 3.3 μM (S/N = 3). Moreover, we expect this method for the immobilization of GQDs can open up new prospects for the utilization of GQDs in electrochemical sensors.

ACS Style

Yuting Yan; Qian Liu; Hanping Mao; Kun Wang. The immobilization of graphene quantum dots by one-step electrodeposition and its application in peroxydisulfate electrochemiluminescence. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 2016, 775, 1 -7.

AMA Style

Yuting Yan, Qian Liu, Hanping Mao, Kun Wang. The immobilization of graphene quantum dots by one-step electrodeposition and its application in peroxydisulfate electrochemiluminescence. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2016; 775 ():1-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuting Yan; Qian Liu; Hanping Mao; Kun Wang. 2016. "The immobilization of graphene quantum dots by one-step electrodeposition and its application in peroxydisulfate electrochemiluminescence." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 775, no. : 1-7.