Objective: To chemically characterize Spondias mombin L. extracts and to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of these extracts on Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Material and methods: Both extracts were submitted to phytochemical prospecting and thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis prior to determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Inhibitory Adhesion Concentration (MIAC) and Bactericidal Kinetics (BK). The Student’s t-test was used to compare MIC results at the 5% significance level. The chemical characterization, MIAC and BK data were analyzed descriptively. Results: Phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins and saponins were detected in the extracts. The hydroethanolic extracts in different concentrations showed statistically superior inhibitory bacterial growth activity (p <0.05) compared to the control against the two investigated microorganisms, whereas the aqueous extracts (also in different concentrations) was statistically superior (p <0.05) to the control only against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The anti-adherent effect of both extracts was superior to that of the control for P. aeruginosa, and similar to that for E. faecalis. In their crude and diluted concentrations, aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts showed bactericidal action within the first two to four hours of contact with the bacteria. Conclusion: Spondias mombin L. extracts in different concentrations showed superior antimicrobial activity than 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate against the microorganisms with this activity associated to the chemical characterization of these extracts.

Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar in vitro a atividade antimicrobiana do extrato hidroetanólico da folha de Spondias mombin (S. mombin L.) sobre bactérias do gênero Streptococcus: S. mutans, S. mitis, S. oralis, S. sanguinis e S. salivarius, comparando-a à atividade antimicrobiana da solução de digluconato de clorexidina 0,12% sobre essas mesmas bactérias. Metodologia: Foram realizados os testes in vitro de Determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima, Determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima de Aderência e Análise da Cinética Bactericida. Resultados: Para o Streptococcus mutans, o grupo controle foi estatisticamente superior (p<0,05) ao extrato até a concentração 31,25mg/ml, não ocorrendo diferença estatística nas demais concentrações. Para o Streptococcus oralis, o extrato foi estatisticamente superior (p<0,05) ao grupo controle em sua forma bruta (500mg/ml), o grupo controle teve significância estatística (p<0,05) sobre o extrato apenas nas concentrações 62,5mg/ml, 31,25mg/ml, 1,95mg/ml e 0,97mg/ml. Para o Streptococcus sanguinis, foi constatado que o extrato foi estatisticamente superior (p<0,05) ao grupo controle nas duas primeiras concentrações 500mg/ml e 250mg/ml, ao passo que o grupo controle teve significância estatística (p<0,05) sobre o extrato apenas nas duas últimas concentrações: 1,95mg/ml e 0,97mg/ml. O grupo controle foi estatisticamente superior (p<0,05) ao extrato em todas as concentrações no Streptococcus mitis, exceto para a concentração 31,25mg/ml. Para a Streptococcus salivarius, o extrato foi estatisticamente superior (p<0,05) ao grupo controle na maioria das concentrações testadas, com exceção apenas para 15,65mg/ml e 1,95mg/ml, que não foram observados diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre o extrato e o grupo controle. Conclusão: o extrato hidroetanólico de Spondias mombin L., em diferentes concentrações, apresenta atividade antimicrobiana semelhante ao digluconato de clorexidina a 0,12% frente a bactérias bucais do gênero Streptococcus.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of thermogenic supplementation on the bone tissue of rats subjected to orthodontic movement. A total of 38 male Wistar rats underwent orthodontic movement of the left permanent maxillary first molars for 21 days. The rats were assigned to three groups: Control group: water; Thermogenic 1: C4 Beta Pump thermogenic; or Thermogenic 2: PRE-HD/Pre-workout. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) was used to investigate the dynamic changes in the microstructure of alveolar bone during orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Histopathologic analysis was performed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, whereas tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) was employed for osteoclast count. Maxillary tissue was collected and evaluated by immunohistochemistry for receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK), receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG). The Thermogenic 2 group exhibited a significantly lower percentage of bone volume fraction (BV/TV) (68.21% ± 17.70%) compared to the control (86.84% + 12.91%) and Thermogenic 1 groups (86.84% + 15.94%) (p < 0.05). The control group had a significantly higher mean orthodontic movement in the mesial direction (0.2143 mm + 0.1513 mm) than the Thermogenic 2 group (0.0420 mm + 0.05215 mm) (p < 0.05). The Thermogenic 2 and Thermogenic 1 groups showed a stronger immunostaining for RANKL when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The supplementation used in the Thermogenic 2 group (PRE-HD/Pre-workout) induced alveolar bone loss in rats subjected to orthodontic movement, which can be related to the regulation of the RANK/RANKL/OPG signaling pathway. This suggests the influence of thermogenic supplements on bone metabolism seems to depend on their composition.