Understanding the recombination lifetime of charge carriers () is essential for the diverse applications of photovoltaic materials, such as perovskites. The study on the inorganic perovskite, CsPbBr₃, reveals recombination dynamics exceeding 1 ms below 200 K and approaching 100 μs at room temperature. Utilizing time‐resolved microwave‐detected photoconductivity decay in conjunction with injection dependence, it is found that is dominated by impurity charge trapping. The observed injection dependence is well corroborated by modeling of the trap mechanism. The ultralong decay time is also consistent with photoconductivity measurements with a continuous‐wave excitation at powers corresponding to around 1 Sun irradiation. While charge‐carrier trapping may, in theory, impose limitations on the photovoltaic efficiency of single‐cell devices, it can also contribute to increased efficiency in tandem cells and find applications in photodetection, photocatalysis, and quantum information storage.

The measurement and description of the charge-carrier lifetime (${\tau }_{\mathrm{c}}$) is crucial for the wide-ranging applications of lead-halide perovskites. We present time-resolved microwave-detected photoconductivity decay (TRMCD) measurements and a detailed analysis of the possible recombination mechanisms including trap-assisted, radiative, and Auger recombination. We prove that performing injection-dependent measurement is crucial in identifying the recombination mechanism. We present temperature and injection level dependent measurements in CsPbBr₃, which is the most common inorganic lead-halide perovskite. In this material, we observe the dominance of charge-carrier trapping, which results in ultra-long charge-carrier lifetimes. Although charge trapping can limit the effectiveness of materials in photovoltaic applications, it also offers significant advantages for various alternative uses, including delayed and persistent photodetection, charge-trap memory, afterglow light-emitting diodes, quantum information storage, and photocatalytic activity.

There is an emphasized attention in the policies of the Hungarian Government on the smart city developments. Ten cities, including Tata, are selected as host settlements for smart city pilot developmental projects. The international evaluation systems can provide a good basis for comparative analysis however there is a need for a well-structured efficient local evaluation system on smart intervention. Smart governance needs to be put through for achieving the best available citizen-centred results. It is desired from the local and central governmental institutions to provide enabling environment which can function as an intermediate engine of digital developments for the social and smart interventions. As a complex digitization developmental program focusing not just on the infrastructural development but also on the improvement of the human abilities, the Hungarian Government launched the comprehensive Digital Welfare Program. The monitoring of the executed programs and the reasonable, effective measurement of the impacts of the developmental programs are inadequate for policy and decision makers to evaluate the results and to disclose the basis of the required further interventions. We intend to reveal the relevant literature review of the international practices, the convenient possibilities of social and economic evaluation and reporting. We analyse these processes in detail in Hungarian context based on a case study about the Hungarian city of Tata, however these smart city strategies – programmes - projects are in the preparation phases or at the beginning of implementations. Following these, we formulate the possible future sequences of the research.