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Víctor Quezada
Laboratorio de Investigación de Minerales Sulfurados, Departamento de Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Minas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, Antofagasta 1270709, Chile

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Journal article
Published: 12 August 2021 in Materials
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The dissolution of both copper and arsenic from a copper concentrate was investigated in oxidative ammonia/ammonium solutions at moderate temperatures and atmospheric pressure. The main parameters studied were temperature, pH, concentrations of different ammonia salts, the presence of sodium hypochlorite, pretreatment with sodium chloride, and curing period. In all ammoniacal solutions studied, increasing the temperature enhanced the dissolution of copper, but the dissolution of arsenic remained marginal. Mixing the copper concentrate with sodium chloride and leaving it to rest for 72 h before leaching in ammoniacal solutions significantly increased the dissolution of copper and slightly increased the dissolution of arsenic from the concentrate. A maximum of 35% of Cu and 3.3% of As were extracted when ammonium carbonate was used as the lixiviant. The results show relatively rapid dissolution of the concentrate with the addition of sodium hypochlorite in ammonium carbonate solution, achieving a dissolution of up to 50% and 25% of copper and arsenic, respectively. A copper dissolution with a non-linear regression model was proposed, considering the effect of NaClO and NH4Cl at 25 °C. These findings highlight the importance of using the correct anionic ligands for the ammonium ions and temperature to obtain a high dissolution of copper or arsenic. The results also showed that the curing time of the packed bed before the commencement of leaching appeared to be an important parameter to enhance the dissolution of copper and leave the arsenic in the residues.

ACS Style

Lilian Velásquez-Yévenes; Hans Álvarez; Víctor Quezada; Antonio García. The Enhancement of Enargite Dissolution by Sodium Hypochlorite in Ammoniacal Solutions. Materials 2021, 14, 4529 .

AMA Style

Lilian Velásquez-Yévenes, Hans Álvarez, Víctor Quezada, Antonio García. The Enhancement of Enargite Dissolution by Sodium Hypochlorite in Ammoniacal Solutions. Materials. 2021; 14 (16):4529.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lilian Velásquez-Yévenes; Hans Álvarez; Víctor Quezada; Antonio García. 2021. "The Enhancement of Enargite Dissolution by Sodium Hypochlorite in Ammoniacal Solutions." Materials 14, no. 16: 4529.

Journal article
Published: 10 August 2021 in Metals
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The dissolution of copper sulphide ores continues to be a challenge for the copper industry. Several media and leaching alternatives have been proposed to improve the dissolution of these minerals, especially for the leaching of chalcopyrite. Among the alternatives, pretreatment prior to leaching was proposed as an option that increases the dissolution of copper from sulphide ores. In this study, a mineral sample from a copper mining company was used. The copper grade of the sample was 0.79%, and its main contributor was chalcopyrite (84%). The effect of curing time (as pretreatment) in a chloride media on copper sulphide ore was evaluated at various temperatures: 25, 50, 70 and 90 °C. The pretreated sample and leaching residues were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and reflected light microscopy. Pretreatment products such as CuSO4, NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6, and S0 were identified although with difficulty, due to the low presence of chalcopyrite in the initial sample (1.99%). Under the conditions of 15 kg/t of H2SO4, 25 kg/t of NaCl, and 15 days of curing time, a copper extraction of 93.1% was obtained at 90 °C with 50 g/L of Cl and 0.2 M of H2SO4.

ACS Style

Víctor Quezada; Antoni Roca; Oscar Benavente; Montserrat Cruells; Evelyn Melo; María Hernández. Pretreatment to Leaching for a Primary Copper Sulphide Ore in Chloride Media. Metals 2021, 11, 1260 .

AMA Style

Víctor Quezada, Antoni Roca, Oscar Benavente, Montserrat Cruells, Evelyn Melo, María Hernández. Pretreatment to Leaching for a Primary Copper Sulphide Ore in Chloride Media. Metals. 2021; 11 (8):1260.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Víctor Quezada; Antoni Roca; Oscar Benavente; Montserrat Cruells; Evelyn Melo; María Hernández. 2021. "Pretreatment to Leaching for a Primary Copper Sulphide Ore in Chloride Media." Metals 11, no. 8: 1260.

Review
Published: 02 July 2021 in Metals
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Although the main cause of hydrometallurgical plant closures is the depletion of oxidized copper minerals reserves, the lack of new hydrometallurgy projects also contributes to these closures. One solution is to be able to process copper sulphide ores hydrometallurgically. However, it is widely known that sulphide copper ores—and chalcopyrite in particular—have very slow dissolution kinetics in traditional leaching systems. An alternative to improve the extraction of copper from sulphide ores is the use of a pretreatment process. Several investigations were developed evaluating the effects of pretreatment, mainly in the extraction of copper from chalcopyrite in chloride media. This study presents a review of various pretreatment methods prior to heap leaching to aid in the dissolution of copper from sulphide ores. Different variables of pretreatment that affect the extraction of copper were identified, including the type of salts used in agglomeration, curing time, and curing temperatures. Successful cases such as the implementation of the CuproChlor® process (use of calcium chloride), and various pilot studies using sodium chloride and temperature, show that pretreatment is an alternative that aids in the dissolution of copper from sulphide ores.

ACS Style

Andrés Neira; Diana Pizarro; Víctor Quezada; Lilian Velásquez-Yévenes. Pretreatment of Copper Sulphide Ores Prior to Heap Leaching: A Review. Metals 2021, 11, 1067 .

AMA Style

Andrés Neira, Diana Pizarro, Víctor Quezada, Lilian Velásquez-Yévenes. Pretreatment of Copper Sulphide Ores Prior to Heap Leaching: A Review. Metals. 2021; 11 (7):1067.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrés Neira; Diana Pizarro; Víctor Quezada; Lilian Velásquez-Yévenes. 2021. "Pretreatment of Copper Sulphide Ores Prior to Heap Leaching: A Review." Metals 11, no. 7: 1067.

Journal article
Published: 27 May 2021 in Metals
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An option to improve the leaching efficiency of chalcopyrite is pretreatment prior to leaching. Pretreatment variables, such as the curing time and the addition of chloride, can increase the kinetics of copper extraction, particularly for sulphide ores. However, there has been little research on the topic. The reactions that govern this phenomenon have not been clearly identified. In this study, the effects of sulphuric acid and sodium chloride agglomeration and curing on chalcopyrite leaching were evaluated at various temperatures: 25, 50, 70, and 90 °C. The pretreated ore and leach residues were characterised by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and reflected light microscopy. Under the conditions of 15 kg/t of H2SO4, 25 kg/t of NaCl, and 15 days of curing time (as pretreatment), the following products were identified: CuSO4, NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6, Cu2Cl(OH), and S0. Increasing the curing time and leaching temperature increased copper leaching. The copper extraction was 94% when leaching at 90 °C after pretreatment with 50 g/L of Cl and 0.2 M of H2SO4. Elemental sulphur, jarosite, and copper polysulphide (CuS2) were detected in the leaching residues.

ACS Style

Víctor Quezada; Antoni Roca; Oscar Benavente; Montserrat Cruells; Evelyn Melo. The Effects of Sulphuric Acid and Sodium Chloride Agglomeration and Curing on Chalcopyrite Leaching. Metals 2021, 11, 873 .

AMA Style

Víctor Quezada, Antoni Roca, Oscar Benavente, Montserrat Cruells, Evelyn Melo. The Effects of Sulphuric Acid and Sodium Chloride Agglomeration and Curing on Chalcopyrite Leaching. Metals. 2021; 11 (6):873.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Víctor Quezada; Antoni Roca; Oscar Benavente; Montserrat Cruells; Evelyn Melo. 2021. "The Effects of Sulphuric Acid and Sodium Chloride Agglomeration and Curing on Chalcopyrite Leaching." Metals 11, no. 6: 873.

Journal article
Published: 15 September 2020 in Metals
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The need to sustainably produce raw materials encourages mining companies to develop and incorporate new economically and environmentally efficient processes. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the behavior and stabilization of hazardous elements present in effluents from metal recovery processes such as arsenic. This study evaluates the incorporation of an effluent solution from a copper smelter that is to be treated in a copper hydrometallurgical plant (heap leaching). The treatment is applied to recover compounds of interest such as copper, acid and water, in addition to confining impurities as stable residues in the leach residues. Here, we assess the capacity of the mineral to retain arsenic. To do this, a mixed solution of effluent and process solution was prepared, with a concentration of 1 g/L of arsenic. The solution was irrigated in leach columns loaded with a heap mineral with varying pH levels (0.8; 1.5 and 2) and solution potentials (510 and 540 mV). The concentrations of arsenic and iron in the solution and in the solid residues were measured to determine the capacity of the mineral to retain arsenic and how it was retained. The pH level plays an important role since, at a higher pH, the presence of arsenic and iron in the solution decreases, therefore increasing in the solid residue. Finally, a retention of 57% of arsenic is reached at pH 2. The characterization of the residues by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirms that arsenic is associated with Fe, S and O, forming ferric arsenates, while an X-Ray analysis identifies the arsenic compounds as crystalline scorodite.

ACS Style

Oscar Benavente; María Cecilia Hernández; Evelyn Melo; Víctor Quezada; Yan Sepúlveda; Yuri Zepeda. Stabilizing Arsenic in Copper Heap Leaching Residues. Metals 2020, 10, 1242 .

AMA Style

Oscar Benavente, María Cecilia Hernández, Evelyn Melo, Víctor Quezada, Yan Sepúlveda, Yuri Zepeda. Stabilizing Arsenic in Copper Heap Leaching Residues. Metals. 2020; 10 (9):1242.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oscar Benavente; María Cecilia Hernández; Evelyn Melo; Víctor Quezada; Yan Sepúlveda; Yuri Zepeda. 2020. "Stabilizing Arsenic in Copper Heap Leaching Residues." Metals 10, no. 9: 1242.

Journal article
Published: 30 July 2020 in Journal of Materials Research and Technology
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Chalcopyrite is the most abundant copper ore mined in Chile. Hydrometallurgical plants are currently changing to concentration by flotation-matte smelting deposits when oxide minerals run out and chalcopyrite appears in deposits. The change from hydrometallurgical processing to flotation is mainly dependent on whether comminution costs can be absorbed given the copper grade. It is important to develop alternative technologies to work profitably with low-grade copper sulphide ores. One alternative that has been recently studied is the pretreatment of low copper grade sulphide minerals, especially chalcopyrite, to improve leaching efficiency. The curing time, as pretreatment, improves dissolution kinetics and shortens leaching time. This study used a pure sample of chalcopyrite mineral with 28.5% copper. Chalcanthite (copper sulphate) represented 9% of total copper in the sample. The effect of curing time as a function of copper extraction prior to leaching was evaluated using different concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium nitrate (KNO3) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4). A 23% copper dissolution was obtained prior to leaching using 25 kg/t NaCl, 15 kg/t H2SO4 and 15 days of curing time. The ANOVA analysis reported that curing time was the most important variable (56.4 and 54.7% of contribution) in tests with NaCl and KNO3. According to the results, KNO3 does not have a significant effect on copper extraction prior to leaching.

ACS Style

Víctor Quezada; Antoni Roca; Oscar Benavente; Montserrat Cruells; Brian Keith; Evelyn Melo. Effect of pretreatment prior to leaching on a chalcopyrite mineral in acid media using NaCl and KNO3. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2020, 9, 10316 -10324.

AMA Style

Víctor Quezada, Antoni Roca, Oscar Benavente, Montserrat Cruells, Brian Keith, Evelyn Melo. Effect of pretreatment prior to leaching on a chalcopyrite mineral in acid media using NaCl and KNO3. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2020; 9 (5):10316-10324.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Víctor Quezada; Antoni Roca; Oscar Benavente; Montserrat Cruells; Brian Keith; Evelyn Melo. 2020. "Effect of pretreatment prior to leaching on a chalcopyrite mineral in acid media using NaCl and KNO3." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 9, no. 5: 10316-10324.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2020 in Metals
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This article presents the behavior of black copper minerals in reducing acid leaching using FeSO4 as reducing agent. The original sample, which was a blend of green and black copper minerals, was treated first by an oxidizing acid leach using O3 to dissolve the soluble phase (green copper oxides). The residue (mainly black copper) was evaluated by agitated leaching under three different solution potentials, with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) (450, 500, and 600 mV (SHE)) at 25 °C. The original sample and the leach residue were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The O3 leach residue was 1.43% copper, with 50% of the insoluble phase associated with copper pitch, copper limonites, and unreacted chrysocolla. The results of leaching using FeSO4 demonstrate that it is possible to obtain 90% copper extraction using a solution with a potential of 450 mV, while leaching at 600 mV resulted in 65% copper extraction. Acid consumption was 40 kg/t in the test at 450 mV, followed by 30 kg/t in the 500 mV test, and finally 25 kg/t in the 600 mV test, showing that reactivity decreases with increased solution potential. The results show that retreatment of a leaching residue is possible, considering the presence of copper pitch, copper limonites, and chrysocolla as the main copper contributing minerals. Modeling of copper extraction with nonlinear regression is proposed. The retreatment of residues resulting from conventional acid leaching can be an alternative to make use of the treatment capacity of hydrometallurgical plants.

ACS Style

Víctor Quezada; Oscar Benavente; Cristopher Beltrán; Danny Díaz; Evelyn Melo; Antonio García. Dissolution of Black Copper Oxides from a Leaching Residue. Metals 2020, 10, 1012 .

AMA Style

Víctor Quezada, Oscar Benavente, Cristopher Beltrán, Danny Díaz, Evelyn Melo, Antonio García. Dissolution of Black Copper Oxides from a Leaching Residue. Metals. 2020; 10 (8):1012.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Víctor Quezada; Oscar Benavente; Cristopher Beltrán; Danny Díaz; Evelyn Melo; Antonio García. 2020. "Dissolution of Black Copper Oxides from a Leaching Residue." Metals 10, no. 8: 1012.

Journal article
Published: 17 March 2020 in Metals
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Studying the dissolution of chalcocite allows to understand the behavior of the most abundant secondary sulfide ore in copper deposits, while digenite (Cu1.8S) and other intermediate sulfides (Cu2−xS) are often associated with chalcocite. The most common mechanism of dissolution is by two stages, and chloride ions benefit the kinetics of dissolution. In this study, a pure chalcocite mineral (99.9% according to XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) analysis) is leached in chloride media using NaCl and wastewater as the sources of chloride. Magnetic leaching tests are performed at 65, 75, and 95 °C, using a particle size between −150 and + 106 μm. Chloride concentration and leaching time are the main variables. A substantial dissolution of chalcocite was obtained with 0.5 M H2SO4, 100 g/L of chloride and a leaching time of 3 h. The apparent activation energy (Ea) derived from the slopes of the Arrhenius plots was 36 kJ/mol. The XRD analysis proves the presence of elemental sulfur (S0) as the main component in the leaching residue. No significant differences in copper extraction were detected when using 100 g/L of chloride ion or wastewater (39 g/L).

ACS Style

Kevin Pérez; Ricardo I. Jeldres; Steven Nieto; Eleazar Salinas-Rodríguez; Pedro Robles; Víctor Quezada; Juan Hernández Avila; Norman Toro. Leaching of Pure Chalcocite in a Chloride Media Using Waste Water at High Temperature. Metals 2020, 10, 384 .

AMA Style

Kevin Pérez, Ricardo I. Jeldres, Steven Nieto, Eleazar Salinas-Rodríguez, Pedro Robles, Víctor Quezada, Juan Hernández Avila, Norman Toro. Leaching of Pure Chalcocite in a Chloride Media Using Waste Water at High Temperature. Metals. 2020; 10 (3):384.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kevin Pérez; Ricardo I. Jeldres; Steven Nieto; Eleazar Salinas-Rodríguez; Pedro Robles; Víctor Quezada; Juan Hernández Avila; Norman Toro. 2020. "Leaching of Pure Chalcocite in a Chloride Media Using Waste Water at High Temperature." Metals 10, no. 3: 384.

Journal article
Published: 11 December 2019 in Metals
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This article presented the behavior of ores containing black copper under acid leaching. The solution potential was modified by adding agents, and five leaching conditions were evaluated, one as a control based on sulfuric acid leaching (conventional), and the others by changing the solution potential with: ferrous sulfate (FeSO4), white metal (Cu2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3). Leaching behavior was evaluated with laboratory bottle (ISO-pH) and column leaching tests. Two ores samples from the Lomas Bayas mine were used. The samples, identified as low (LG) and high grade (HG), were characterized as 0.13–0.25% Cu and 0.15–0.38% Mn, respectively. The mineralogical analysis indicated that black copper represented around 20% of total Cu (0.05% Cu). The results of the bottle tests indicated that the solution potential decreased with the addition of reducing agents, while the copper extraction rate with the HG sample increased to 83.7%, which exceeded the extraction rate obtained by conventional acid leaching by 25%. Ozone did not favor the extraction of Mn and Cu extraction when the solution potential increased. Cu and Mn extraction were directly related. The results of the column leaching tests showed that it was possible to maintain the solution potential at values below 600 mV (SHE) with the addition of white metal and sulfur dioxide while obtaining the highest copper extraction rate of approximately 60%, which was 18% higher than the rate obtained with conventional leaching. Sulfuric acid consumption was 11 kg/t over 45 days of leaching.

ACS Style

Oscar Benavente; Ma.Cecilia Hernández; Evelyn Melo; Luis Ardiles; Víctor Quezada; Yuri Zepeda. Copper Extraction from Black Copper Ores through Modification of the Solution Potential in the Irrigation Solution. Metals 2019, 9, 1339 .

AMA Style

Oscar Benavente, Ma.Cecilia Hernández, Evelyn Melo, Luis Ardiles, Víctor Quezada, Yuri Zepeda. Copper Extraction from Black Copper Ores through Modification of the Solution Potential in the Irrigation Solution. Metals. 2019; 9 (12):1339.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oscar Benavente; Ma.Cecilia Hernández; Evelyn Melo; Luis Ardiles; Víctor Quezada; Yuri Zepeda. 2019. "Copper Extraction from Black Copper Ores through Modification of the Solution Potential in the Irrigation Solution." Metals 9, no. 12: 1339.

Journal article
Published: 19 July 2019 in Metals
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Black copper oxides are amorphous materials of copper-bearing phases of manganese. They are complex mineral compounds with difficult to recognize mineralogy and have slow dissolution kinetics in conventional hydrometallurgical processes. This study evaluates the effects of various leaching media on copper dissolution from black copper minerals. Leach of a pure black copper sample from Lomas Bayas Mine and another from a regional mine were characterized by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Qemscan and mechanically prepared for acid leaching under standard, oxidizing and reducing conditions through the addition of oxygen, iron sulfate or sulfur dioxide, respectively. Standard and high potential leaching (770 mV (SHE)) results in a copper dissolution rate of 70% and manganese dissolution rate of 2%. The addition of potential reducing agents (FeSO4 or SO2) decreases the redox potential to 696 and 431 mV, respectively, and favors the dissolution of manganese, thus increasing the overall copper extraction rate. The addition of SO2 results in the lowest redox potential and the highest copper extraction rates of 86.2% and 75.5% for the Lomas Bayas and regional samples, respectively, which represent an increase of 15% over the copper extract rates under standard and oxidizing conditions.

ACS Style

Oscar Benavente; María Cecilia Hernández; Evelyn Melo; Damián Núñez; Víctor Quezada; Yuri Zepeda. Copper Dissolution from Black Copper Ore under Oxidizing and Reducing Conditions. Metals 2019, 9, 799 .

AMA Style

Oscar Benavente, María Cecilia Hernández, Evelyn Melo, Damián Núñez, Víctor Quezada, Yuri Zepeda. Copper Dissolution from Black Copper Ore under Oxidizing and Reducing Conditions. Metals. 2019; 9 (7):799.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oscar Benavente; María Cecilia Hernández; Evelyn Melo; Damián Núñez; Víctor Quezada; Yuri Zepeda. 2019. "Copper Dissolution from Black Copper Ore under Oxidizing and Reducing Conditions." Metals 9, no. 7: 799.

Journal article
Published: 11 January 2019 in Metals
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Due to the depletion of oxidized copper ores, it necessitates the need to focus on metallurgical studies regarding sulphide copper ores, such as chalcopyrite. In this research, the electrochemical behaviour of chalcopyrite has been analysed under different conditions in order to identify the parameters necessary to increase the leaching rates. This was carried out through cyclic voltammetry tests at 1 mV/s using a pure chalcopyrite macro-electrode to evaluate the effect of scan rate, temperature, and the addition of chloride, cupric, and ferrous ions. Lastly, the feasibility of using seawater for chalcopyrite dissolution was investigated. An increase in the sweep rate and temperature proved to be beneficial in obtaining highest current densities at 10 mV/s and 50 °C. Further, an increase of chloride ions enhanced the current density values. The maximum current density obtained was 0.05 A/m2 at concentrations of 150 g/L of chloride. An increase in the concentration of cupric ions favoured the oxidation reaction of Fe (II) to Fe (III). Finally, the concentration of chloride ions present in seawater has been identified as favourable for chalcopyrite leaching.

ACS Style

Luis Beiza; Víctor Quezada; Evelyn Melo; Gonzalo Valenzuela. Electrochemical Behaviour of Chalcopyrite in Chloride Solutions. Metals 2019, 9, 67 .

AMA Style

Luis Beiza, Víctor Quezada, Evelyn Melo, Gonzalo Valenzuela. Electrochemical Behaviour of Chalcopyrite in Chloride Solutions. Metals. 2019; 9 (1):67.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luis Beiza; Víctor Quezada; Evelyn Melo; Gonzalo Valenzuela. 2019. "Electrochemical Behaviour of Chalcopyrite in Chloride Solutions." Metals 9, no. 1: 67.

Journal article
Published: 20 July 2018 in Hydrometallurgy
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It is well known that the Chilean mining industry is facing a shortage of water resources for the sustainable operation not only of existing plants but also of future projects. In addition, the depletion of oxide ores and those containing secondary sulfide copper will leave chalcopyrite ores as the main source of copper for future plants. To assure a sustainable hydrometallurgy plant, alternative water resources such as seawater and discard brine from desalination plants should be used together with a leaching process that can enhance the dissolution of chalcopyrite. This paper reports a study on the dissolution kinetics of finely ground copper oxide ore, chalcopyrite ore, and chalcopyrite concentrate leached in shake flasks, agitated reactors and columns using seawater and discard brine as the leaching solution. The type of chloride solution did not affect the dissolution of the copper oxide mineral. Regardless of the chloride solution used in the leaching test stirred at room temperature, the chalcopyrite dissolution did not exceed 4%, but increased to 90% when the temperature was increased to 50 °C. Column leaching of chalcopyrite ore with a P80 of 5 mm achieved a maximum dissolution of 43% of copper using discard brine at ambient temperature. The results show that curing time of the packed bed before the commencement of column irrigation and intermittent irrigation during leaching appeared to be important parameters to enhance dissolution of copper. Less irrigation time and more resting time can be beneficial for an industrial-scale heap leach plant.

ACS Style

Lilian Velásquez-Yévenes; Víctor Quezada Reyes. Influence of seawater and discard brine on the dissolution of copper ore and copper concentrate. Hydrometallurgy 2018, 180, 88 -95.

AMA Style

Lilian Velásquez-Yévenes, Víctor Quezada Reyes. Influence of seawater and discard brine on the dissolution of copper ore and copper concentrate. Hydrometallurgy. 2018; 180 ():88-95.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lilian Velásquez-Yévenes; Víctor Quezada Reyes. 2018. "Influence of seawater and discard brine on the dissolution of copper ore and copper concentrate." Hydrometallurgy 180, no. : 88-95.