The escalating global demand for energy-efficient and sustainable built environments has catalyzed the advancement of Building Energy Management Systems (BEMSs), particularly through their integration with cutting-edge technologies. This review presents a comprehensive and critical synthesis of the convergence between BEMSs and enabling tools such as the Internet of Things (IoT), wireless sensor networks (WSNs), and artificial intelligence (AI)-based decision-making architectures. Drawing upon 89 peer-reviewed publications spanning from 2019 to 2025, the study systematically categorizes recent developments in HVAC optimization, occupancy-driven lighting control, predictive maintenance, and fault detection systems. It further investigates the role of communication protocols (e.g., ZigBee, LoRaWAN), machine learning-based energy forecasting, and multi-agent control mechanisms within residential, commercial, and institutional building contexts. Findings across multiple case studies indicate that hybrid AI–IoT systems have achieved energy efficiency improvements ranging from 20% to 40%, depending on building typology and control granularity. Nevertheless, the widespread adoption of such intelligent BEMSs is hindered by critical challenges, including data security vulnerabilities, lack of standardized interoperability frameworks, and the complexity of integrating heterogeneous legacy infrastructure. Additionally, there remain pronounced gaps in the literature related to real-time adaptive control strategies, trust-aware federated learning, and seamless interoperability with smart grid platforms. By offering a rigorous and forward-looking review of current technologies and implementation barriers, this paper aims to serve as a strategic roadmap for researchers, system designers, and policymakers seeking to deploy the next generation of intelligent, sustainable, and scalable building energy management solutions.

Energy Performance Contracts (EPC) are performance-based financing mechanisms designed to improve energy efficiency and support renewable energy adoption in the public sector. This study examines the economic efficiency of a 1710.72 kWp solar power plant (SPP), implemented under an EPC at Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, using a regression-based analysis. The model evaluates the effects of solar radiation, investment cost, and electricity sales price on unit production cost, and its predictions were compared with actual production data. Results show the system exceeded the EPC contract target by 16.2%, producing 2,423,472.28 kWh in its first year and preventing 1168.64 tons of CO₂ emissions. The developed multiple linear regression model achieved a predictive error margin of 14.7%, confirming its validity. This study highlights the technical, economic, and environmental benefits of EPC applications in Türkiye’s public institutions and offers a practical decision-support framework for policymakers. The novelty lies in integrating a regression model with operational data and providing a comparative assessment of planned, predicted, and actual outcomes.

The escalating global demand for energy-efficient and sustainable built environments has catalyzed the advancement of Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS), particularly through their integration with cutting-edge technologies. This review presents a comprehensive and critical synthesis of the convergence between BEMS and enabling tools such as the Internet of Things (IoT), wireless sensor networks (WSNs), and artificial intelligence (AI)-based decision-making architectures. Drawing upon 89 peer-reviewed publications spanning from 2019 to 2025, the study systematically categorizes recent developments in HVAC optimization, occupancy-driven lighting control, predictive maintenance, and fault detection systems. It further investigates the role of communication protocols (e.g., ZigBee, LoRaWAN), machine learning-based energy forecasting, and multi-agent control mechanisms within residential, commercial, and institutional building contexts. Findings across multiple case studies indicate that hybrid AI–IoT systems have achieved energy efficiency improvements ranging from 20% to 40%, depending on building typology and control granularity. Nevertheless, the widespread adoption of such intelligent BEMS is hindered by critical challenges, including data security vulnerabilities, lack of standardized interoperability frameworks, and the complexity of integrating heterogeneous legacy infrastructure. Additionally, there remain pronounced gaps in the literature related to real-time adaptive control strategies, trust-aware federated learning, and seamless interoperability with smart grid platforms. By offering a rigorous and forward-looking review of current technologies and implementation barriers, this paper aims to serve as a strategic roadmap for researchers, system designers, and policymakers seeking to deploy the next generation of intelligent, sustainable, and scalable building energy management solutions.

In this study, a piece of software has been developed to recover the readable data by carving MS Word and PDF files from the RAM image. String searching, signature scanning, and data carving methods are used in the design of the software. The analysi...

This review study provides a comprehensive analysis of the application of metaheuristic algorithms in energy efficiency, demand-side management, and cost estimation. By systematically evaluating over 50 scientific studies published between 2020 and 2024, the paper classifies and analyzes the most frequently used algorithms, their advantages, and key application areas. The findings reveal that metaheuristic algorithms are most commonly applied in energy efficiency optimization (40%), cost reduction (37%), and load planning (23%). From a systems perspective, these algorithms are predominantly implemented in microgrids (27%), smart grids (25%), and power systems (18%). Among them, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) emerge as the most frequently used due to their high performance in balancing energy demand, minimizing operational costs, and reducing carbon emissions. The analysis also shows that PSO-based models can reduce energy costs by up to 33%, while hybrid algorithms can increase the share of renewable energy use to over 50%. In demand-side management applications, certain algorithms effectively reduce peak loads and improve grid flexibility by dynamically adjusting consumption patterns. These results demonstrate that metaheuristic algorithms offer powerful tools for solving complex energy-related problems. The study contributes to the field by providing a structured, up-to-date literature mapping and highlighting opportunities for future research focused on sustainable and intelligent energy management.

Energy Performance Contracts (EPC) are performance-based financing mechanisms adopted to increase energy efficiency and encourage renewable energy applications in the public sector. In this study, the economic efficiency of the solar power plant (SPP) established within the scope of EPC on the campus of Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University was examined with a regression-based analysis. In the model, the effects of parameters such as solar radiation, investment cost and electricity sales price on unit production cost were evaluated; the multiple linear regression model created was tested by comparing with real production data. The model outputs provided the opportunity to evaluate the accuracy of system performance by revealing the difference between the predicted and realized production values. The study reveals the contribution of EPC applications to the economic feasibility of renewable energy investments in public institutions in Türkiye with concrete data; and provides an analytical basis for decision makers to direct energy policies. The novelty of this study lies in integrating a regression-based quantitative model with real operational data to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of an EPC-based solar power plant in Türkiye's public sector, while also introducing a unique comparative framework for planned, predicted, and actual energy production outcomes.