Clear cell renal cell carcinoma is the most frequent type of renal cell carcinoma, which is often diagnosed incidentally in an advanced stage. We present the case of a 49-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with no specific symptoms. After computed tomography (CT) evaluation, the suspicion was raised of a left renal tumour. The aim of this case study is to underline the importance of rapid diagnosis and further investigation of clear cell renal cell carcinoma and the severity of this type of cancer. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma has no specific symptoms. For the complete diagnosis and further monitoring, the use of CT is necessary. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma treated with partial nephrectomy can relapse near the surgical scar and progress with metachronous bilateral adrenal metastases, especially when close follow-up is not performed due to the pandemic situation.
Background: Myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a heterogenous clinical syndrome in which aetiologies range from “true” ischemic mechanisms to non-ischemic mimics (e.g., myocarditis and Takotsubo syndrome). Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) plays a central role in the diagnostic pathway. Recent advances in parametric mapping (native T1, T2, and extracellular volume ECV) and evolving AI/radiomic methods promise to further improve diagnostic accuracy and prognostic stratification. This review aims to evaluate the current CMR evidence in MINOCA, while highlighting parametric mapping advances and future directions in the sphere of AI and radiomics. Methods: A systematic literature search of PubMed and the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) was performed. We included original prospective and retrospective CMR studies of MINOCA and MINOCA-like presentations in adults. Data were extracted into a master dataset and synthetised thematically into five subsections: (1) diagnostic yield, (2) reclassification rate), (3) timing of CMR, (4) prognosis, and (5) future directions. Results: Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. CMR diagnostic yield varied by protocol and timing but was consistently substantial. CMR consistently reclassified initial MINOCA diagnoses (ischemia or alternative non-ischemic diagnoses). Parametric mapping provided incremental diagnostic and prognostic information. Across studies, early imaging (ideally within the first 1–2 weeks) increased diagnostic yield, while delayed CMR reduced detectability of transient lesions. Early AI and radiomics work show promise for LGE-based classification and for predicting post-contrast findings from non-contrast data, but current models require larger, multicentre training and robust external validation. Conclusions: CMR increases diagnostic yield and reclassification rates in MINOCA, particularly when performed early and with standardised T1/T2/ECV mapping. Mapping not only improves detection of inflammatory and diffuse injuries but also contributes to prognostic stratification. High-resolution LGE, OCT, and AI/radiomics are promising future refinements but need prospective validation in large, early, mapping-inclusive cohorts.
14 September 2021 in Archives of the Balkan Medical Union