The name of geographical objects dates back to ancient times. Since the beginning of human society, as a result of the differentiation and orientation of environmental objects, man has been forced to keep them in memory and give each his own name separately. The development and use of natural resources by man for needs determines the formation of the first geoecological approach. Therefore, the naming of land, water, and locality is a constantly ongoing social process with national and linguistic characteristics. From toponyms of great scientific and practical importance, one can clearly trace the diversity of nature, the fund of natural resources, orographic and hydrographic names and terms, features and changes in the landscape, climatic conditions, as well as external features, properties and signs of names and other objects justifying natural and traditional farming. The article will focus on the geographical issues of forming a space of possibilities for use and bringing them into sequence based on toponyms of various scales and geographical state catalogs of the system of toponyms found on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Turkestan region is located in the south of Kazakhstan and is one of the industrially and agri-culturally developed regions of the republic. As the intensity of nature management in Turkestan region increases, pollution occurs under the influence of anthropogenic factors. Taking into account anthropogenic factors, the composition of chemical elements of the soil cover in genetic layers was studied in typical natural areas of the landscape system; and soil sections were made to determine the composition. The concentrations of chemical elements (C, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Pb, As, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, V, Tl, Mn, and Sr) were analyzed based on the results of the analysis of samples from soil sections. The amount of chemical elements of the soil cover was determined using the Spectroscan MAX GF-2E device. The obtained data were statistically processed using the Microsoft Excel program. Chemical analysis of the soil cover (Pb, Cu, Zn, As, and Cr) showed that the chemical elements exceed the maximum allowable concentration. The results of the study are the basis for developing recommendations for solving problems related to the pollution of landscapes due to the impact of anthropogenic factors on the soil cover.

The article provides an overview of anthropogenic factors negatively affecting the geosystems of the Ilek River basin. The accumulation of chemical elements and their introduction into the environment result from human industrial and agricultural activities. The article examines natural and anthropogenic causes that adversely impact the qualitative composition of surface waters in the Ilek River basin. It also considers the hydrological regime of the Ilek River and its major tributaries based on field observations conducted in 2024. The study identifies natural and anthropogenic factors that have been influencing the geosystems of the Ilek River basin for decades. Results of chemical analyses of surface water samples from key sites demonstrate a clear correlation with elements of the technosphere. It has been established that first- and second-order tributaries of the Ilek River, located in the northeastern part of the basin, are polluted with heavy metals due to mining and geological exploration activities. The Water Pollution Index (WPI) was calculated for the Ilek River and its major tributaries. The findings indicate that while the water bodies of Aktobe oblast, which remain underresearched, generally meet surface water quality standards, the surface waters in the middle reaches of the Ilek River are classified as highly polluted. This highlights the necessity for more comprehensive investigations to prevent further deterioration and to develop measures for reducing pollution levels.

This study focuses on analyzing the long-term development of landscapes in the Turkestan region and the impact of climate change on regional landscapes. Through palynological and stratigraphic analyses, the influence of climatic fluctuations on plant communities and landscape structure from the Oligocene to the Holocene was identified. The research revealed that the vegetation cover in the Turkestan region has developed adaptation mechanisms to cope with climatic changes. It was determined that the current landscapes of the Turkestan region were shaped as a result of historical climatic instabilities, forming the foundation for the resilience of the region's vegetation. The findings enhance our understanding of the evolution of regional landscapes and provide insights into developing strategies for sustainable adaptation to climate change. It has been established that the present-day landscapes of the Turkestan region formed as a result of adaptation to historical climatic changes. These findings are essential for devising strategies for preserving regional vegetation cover and ensuring sustainable adaptation to climate change. The results obtained deepen our understanding of the landscape evolution and resilience mechanisms in the Turkestan region, providing a basis for assessing the region’s future ecological stability.

The article examines the importance of geographical names of the physico-geographical region - Saryarka, for the development of tourism in this region and analyzes specific data on the vision, formation and features of the names of nature reserves in the study of toponyms of this region. The nomination of the features of geographical names of objects of the Saryarka nature reserve fund was based on geological, natural-geographical, historical and linguistic data. The origin and etymology of the toponyms of this region are investigated according to the actual data. It was revealed that the reserve fund and natural monuments indicate the natural features of toponyms. A map of toponyms was compiled, which reflects the natural and recreational resources of Saryarka. Saryarka is a vast mountainous region of Kazakhstan, rich in natural, historical and cultural attractions. The geographical names of the objects of the nature reserve fund of the region not only reflect the natural and historical features of the area, but also play a key role in the development of tourism potential. In this study, the influence of toponyms on the perception of tourist sites was examined, as well as a comparative analysis with other regions of Kazakhstan and neighboring countries.

Мақалада Ақтөбе облысы халқының табиғи өсу және көші-қон процестері, олардың динамикасы, негізгі факторлары мен салдары қарастырылған. Талдау Қазақстанның Ұлттық статистика бюросының деректеріне, ғылыми жарияланымдарға және социологиялық зерттеулердің нәтижелеріне негізделген. Туу мен өлім-жітімнің өзгеруі, ішкі және сыртқы көші-қон, олардың кеңістіктік ерекшеліктері және әлеуметтік-экономикалық салдары зерделенген. Экономикалық, экологиялық және әлеуметтік факторларды қоса алғанда, көші-қон ағындарының негізгі себептеріне назар аударылған. Статистикалық, картографиялық және салыстырмалы талдау әдістері қолданылды. Алынған нәтижелер өңірдің қазіргі заманғы демографиялық үрдістерін анықтауға және көші-қон процестерін реттеу және халықтың табиғи өсімін арттыру жөніндегі шараларды ұсынуға мүмкіндік береді. Нәтижелер демографиялық және көші-қон саясатымен айналысатын мемлекеттік органдар үшін, сондай-ақ халықтар географиясы мен әлеуметтік демография саласындағы зерттеушілер үшін пайдалы болуы мүмкін.