Sports injuries were prevalent across various sports and resulted in temporary or permanent limitations in an athlete’s competitive performance. This research aimed to compile and analyze studies on sports injuries among basketball, handball, and volleyball players, with a particular focus on their frequency, nature, and variations based on gender and player position. A systematic search was conducted using digital databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, ERIC, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, covering the period from 2015 to 2025. The search strategy involved relevant keywords and their combinations related to injuries and athletes, selecting studies that explored injury types, locations, and preventive measures. The findings indicated that lower limb injuries were the most prevalent in all three sports. Basketball players frequently experienced knee and ankle injuries, and handball players were prone to knee injuries, while volleyball players most commonly sustained knee and foot injuries. Additionally, specific risk factors contributing to these injuries were identified. Preventive interventions, such as neuromuscular training and plyometric exercises, were found to effectively reduce injury rates across these sports. The majority of studies suggested that female athletes had a higher injury incidence compared to their male counterparts. This may be attributed to several factors, including hormonal differences (such as the effect of estrogen on ligament laxity), anatomical factors (e.g., a larger Q-angle in women), and differences in training practices that could predispose female athletes to higher injury rates. Furthermore, regardless of the sport, injuries occurred more frequently during competition and tended to increase with the physical demands of the game.

Sedentary behavior among young women is increasingly associated with adverse metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to evaluate and compare the effects of three structured group fitness programs on anthropometric parameters, body composition, and lipid profile in overweight young women (N = 111, age 18–25, BMI ≥ 25). Participants were assigned to mix aerobics (E1, n = 27), kickbox aerobics (E2, n = 28), step aerobics (E3, n = 27), or a control group (C, n = 29). Each intervention lasted 12 weeks, with sessions conducted three times per week, each lasting 60 min. The results were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Significant reductions were observed in body weight (−4.8 kg in E1, p < 0.01), waist circumference (−5.3 cm in E1, p < 0.001), and body fat percentage (−3.6% in E1, p < 0.01). High-density lipoprotein (HDL) increased by 7.4 mg/dL (p < 0.01), while low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol, and triglycerides decreased by 12.1 mg/dL, 18.6 mg/dL, and 19.4 mg/dL, respectively (all p < 0.01). The most pronounced overall improvements were found in the mix aerobics group. In contrast, the control group showed significant deterioration in most variables, including a 2.1 kg weight gain and a 6.3 mg/dL increase in total cholesterol (p < 0.05). These findings confirm the superior effectiveness of mix aerobics as a non-pharmacological intervention to improve body composition (notably through reductions in body weight, fat percentage, and waist circumference) and cardiovascular biomarkers (such as increased HDL and decreased LDL, total cholesterol, and triglycerides) in young overweight women. Compared to kickboxing and step aerobics, mix aerobics consistently achieved the greatest improvements across all measured parameters, making it the most comprehensive and effective option among the three programs tested.

Objectives: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has become an increasingly popular conditioning strategy in women’s basketball due to its effectiveness in improving physical performance. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a six-week HIIT on combined aerobic and anaerobic capacity, running speed, agility, repeated sprint ability, and explosive power in elite female basketball players. Methods: Thirty elite female basketball players (21.81 ± 2.12 years) were randomly assigned to either a HIIT group (n = 15) or a control group (n = 15). Results: Pre- and post-intervention assessments included running speed (0–20 m); the 5–0–5, Zig-zag, and Pro-agility tests; vertical jump performance (CMJ, CMJA, and SJ); repeated sprint ability (RSA); aerobic capacity assessed by the 30–15 Intermittent Fitness Test; and VO₂max. Statistically significant Group × Time interaction effects emerged for running speed (5 m, 10 m, and 20 m), aerobic capacity (30–15 IFT and VO₂max), and Zig-zag agility performance (p < 0.05), indicating greater improvements in the HIIT group compared with the control group. Significant main effects of time were observed for RSA and vertical jump performance, indicating improvements in both groups; however, no significant Group × Time interactions were found. Conclusions: These findings suggest that a six-week HIIT is an effective and time-efficient conditioning strategy for enhancing aerobic capacity, sprint performance, and change-of-direction ability in elite female basketball players.

This research was conducted in order to determine whether and what to extent the three-month fitness program affect changjes in body composition on a sample of 42 exercisers, recreational athletes, ages between 21 and 35. The measurement was performed using a Tanita scale, model BC-543, and the following variables were applied: body weight, muscle mass and percentage of fat. After the initial measurement, a three-month fitness exercise program was applied, and then the final measurement in order to determine the achieved effects of training. Trainings were performed three times a week and were adjusted to each recreational athlete in proportion to the age and current state of training. In the process of statistical data processing, descriptive and comparative statistics procedures were used. The basic statistical parameters for each subject were calculated individually and it was determined that there are statistically significant differences between the initial and final measurements.

The goal of this research was to analyze the technical-tactical elements of the volleyball teams that competed in the Banka Poštanska štedionica volleyball Superleague of Serbia, during the 2022/2023 season, as well as to determine any differences in the success of the technical-tactical elements between the leading teams. and the team that took the last positions in the table. Data on results from matches and statistical data on four technical and tactical volleyball elements were collected: attack, block, service and reception. For the variables of the technical-tactical dimension of the structure of competitive activity of volleyball players, the program determined by the Volleyball Federation of Serbia (OSSRB) and the World Volleyball Federation (FIVB) - "Data volley" was used. The analysis of the competitive activity of the teams came to the conclusion that the performances of the analyzed teams throughout the season were extremely variable, as well as that the presentation of the mathematical-statistical analysis of the competitive activity in volleyball is a factor that must be taken into account in the programming and planning of training in volleyball.

Physical activity plays a crucial role in the regulation of type 1 diabetes in youth, especially when performed in environments with increased oxygen concentration. This study examines the impact of sports gymnastics and natural factors on glycemic control in individuals with type 1 diabetes. A case study method was employed over a seven-day experimental treatment, monitoring glycemic levels in insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent individuals at various time intervals. The planned physical activity included moderate walking and indoor gymnastics, with glucose levels measured before and after the activities. The results indicate that outdoor physical activity can contribute to the stabilization of glycemic levels in individuals with type 1 diabetes but cannot replace insulin therapy. Regular physical activity was observed to reduce daily glycemic fluctuations, with the greatest benefits noted in planned moderate-intensity activities. These findings may contribute to the development of guidelines for optimal planning of physical activity in individuals with type 1 diabetes and improve the education of physical education teachers and sports trainers in adapting exercises for this population.