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Although the confinement of compressed columns with composite materials has been extensively studied during the last decades, scarce research has been conducted in the particular case of reinforcement of stone or masonry elements subjected to high temperatures. This work reports an experimental study on the mechanical behavior of cylindrical stone specimens exposed to temperatures of 600 °C and subsequently cooled with two different methods: slow air cooling or rapid water immersion. The effect of confinement by means of carbon or glass fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) is studied. The mechanical properties of the rock are also analyzed by non-destructive tests, which constitute very appropriate techniques when working on heritage buildings. In general terms, it was found that the effect of temperature significantly reduced the strength and elastic modulus of the rock. On the other hand, FRP confinement provided large increases in strength and ultimate strain, compared to unreinforced samples. An important finding of this work is that the response of the confined specimens seems to depend basically on the properties of the FRP laminate, and not on the damage that the stone core may have suffered. Finally, the experimental results are compared with the predictions of analytical confinement models included in the most relevant international design guides. It has been proven that these models seem to provide accurate results in the case of unheated and unaltered stone, although they show larger deviations in the case of high temperature exposed specimens.
L. Estevan; F.J. Baeza; F.B. Varona; S. Ivorra. Evaluation of the mechanical response of calcarenite specimens confined with fiber reinforced polymers after high temperature exposure. Journal of Building Engineering 2021, 42, 102504 .
AMA StyleL. Estevan, F.J. Baeza, F.B. Varona, S. Ivorra. Evaluation of the mechanical response of calcarenite specimens confined with fiber reinforced polymers after high temperature exposure. Journal of Building Engineering. 2021; 42 ():102504.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL. Estevan; F.J. Baeza; F.B. Varona; S. Ivorra. 2021. "Evaluation of the mechanical response of calcarenite specimens confined with fiber reinforced polymers after high temperature exposure." Journal of Building Engineering 42, no. : 102504.
Historical buildings are located in the city center, near squares where celebrations take place. These festivities usually include pyrotechnic events that impose blast loadings on historical buildings. In this paper, a methodology for the analysis of the dynamic response of historical buildings is presented, and applied to the Altamira Palace — a historical building listed as Spanish National Monument located in Elche (Spain) — during the experimental campaigns that registered the effect of two different pyrotechnic events. Vibration levels associated with these events are presented and analysed according to several international standards and scientific recommendations, in order to avoid even cosmetic damages. The qualitative analysis of the accelerograms, registered during both events, served to identify the different parts of the spectacle, in which the highest accelerations were induced during the last phase (commonly known as the earthquake). Based on the quantitative analysis of the signals, the most significant frequency range in terms of possible damage to the monument was detected below 10 Hz. In this range, the measurements showed peak accelerations much higher than those limits recommended in the different standards and scientific reports.
Salvador Ivorra; David Bru; F. Javier Baeza; Benjamín Torres. Effect of pyrotechnical effects on heritage constructions: The Altamira Palace in Elche, Spain. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 2021, 1 -13.
AMA StyleSalvador Ivorra, David Bru, F. Javier Baeza, Benjamín Torres. Effect of pyrotechnical effects on heritage constructions: The Altamira Palace in Elche, Spain. International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 2021; ():1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalvador Ivorra; David Bru; F. Javier Baeza; Benjamín Torres. 2021. "Effect of pyrotechnical effects on heritage constructions: The Altamira Palace in Elche, Spain." International Journal of Architectural Heritage , no. : 1-13.
This paper aims to study the viability of conductive cement paste and conductive concrete with the hybrid addition of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphite products (GP) as a self-heating material for heating, ice formation prevention and de-icing in pavements. Different heating tests, ice-preventing tests and de-icing tests were performed with cement paste and concrete specimens. Results confirm that the conductive cement composites studied, with the addition of 1% CNT+5% GP, exhibited heating, de-icing and ice-prevention properties, when applying constant AC/DC voltages between the two end sides of each specimen, with relatively low energy consumption.. The main contribution of this work is to achieve a sufficient conductivity level for the development of the heating and de-icing function using this hybrid addition in concrete, which has not been used so far, in order to be applied in real concrete structures.
Catalina Farcas; Oscar Galao; Rosa Navarro; Emilio Zornoza; Francisco Javier Baeza; Beatriz DEL Moral; Rafael Pla; Pedro Garces. Heating and de-icing function in conductive concrete and cement paste with the hybrid addition of carbon nanotubes and graphite products. Smart Materials and Structures 2021, 30, 045010 .
AMA StyleCatalina Farcas, Oscar Galao, Rosa Navarro, Emilio Zornoza, Francisco Javier Baeza, Beatriz DEL Moral, Rafael Pla, Pedro Garces. Heating and de-icing function in conductive concrete and cement paste with the hybrid addition of carbon nanotubes and graphite products. Smart Materials and Structures. 2021; 30 (4):045010.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCatalina Farcas; Oscar Galao; Rosa Navarro; Emilio Zornoza; Francisco Javier Baeza; Beatriz DEL Moral; Rafael Pla; Pedro Garces. 2021. "Heating and de-icing function in conductive concrete and cement paste with the hybrid addition of carbon nanotubes and graphite products." Smart Materials and Structures 30, no. 4: 045010.
The mechanical properties of stone materials can be severely affected by exposure to high temperatures. The effect of fire on stone buildings could cause irreversible damage and make it necessary to retrofit the affected elements. Particularly, the strengthening of columns by confinement with composites has been widely improved during the last decades. Today, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) confinement represents a very interesting alternative to traditional steel solutions. This work studied the behavior of cylindrical stone specimens subjected to real fire action and confined by means of CFRP or GFRP jackets, with the aim of assessing the effectiveness of these reinforcement systems applied to a material that has previously been seriously damaged by high temperature exposure. In general, the strengthened samples showed notable increases in strength and ductility. The response seemed to depend basically on the FRP properties and not on the degree of damage that the stone core may have suffered. Finally, the results obtained experimentally were compared with the confinement models proposed by the available design guides, in order to evaluate the accuracy that these models can offer under the different situations addressed in this research.
Luis Estevan; F. Javier Baeza; Francisco B. Varona; Salvador Ivorra. FRP Confinement of Stone Samples after Real Fire Exposure. Polymers 2020, 12, 2367 .
AMA StyleLuis Estevan, F. Javier Baeza, Francisco B. Varona, Salvador Ivorra. FRP Confinement of Stone Samples after Real Fire Exposure. Polymers. 2020; 12 (10):2367.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Estevan; F. Javier Baeza; Francisco B. Varona; Salvador Ivorra. 2020. "FRP Confinement of Stone Samples after Real Fire Exposure." Polymers 12, no. 10: 2367.
Different studies in the literature indicate the effectiveness of CNTs as reinforcing materials in cement–matrix composites due to their high mechanical strength. Nevertheless, their incorporation into cement presents some difficulties due to their tendency to agglomerate, yielding a non-homogeneous dispersion in the paste mix that results in a poor cement–CNTs interaction. This makes the surface modification of the CNTs by introducing functional groups on the surface necessary. In this study, three different treatments for incorporating polar oxygen functional groups onto the surface of carbon nanotubes have been carried out, with the objective of evaluating the influence of the type and oxidation degree on the mechanical and electrical properties and in strain-sensing function of cement pastes containing CNTs. One treatment is in liquid phase (surface oxidation with HNO3/H2SO4), the second is in gas phase (O3 treatment at 25 and 160 °C), and a third is a combination of gas-phase O3 treatment plus NaOH liquid phase. The electrical conductivity of cement pastes increased with O3- and O3-NaOH-treated CNTs with respect to non-treated ones. Furthermore, the oxygen functionalization treatments clearly improve the strain sensing performance of the CNT-cement pastes, particularly in terms of the accuracy of the linear correlation between the resistance and the stress, as well as the increase in the gage factor from 28 to 65. Additionally, the incorporation of either non-functionalized or functionalized CNTs did not produce any significant modification of the mechanical properties of CNTs. Therefore, the functionalization of CNTs favours the de-agglomeration of CNTs in the cement matrix and consequently, the electrical conductivity, without affecting the mechanical behaviour.
B. Del Moral; I. Martín Gullón; R. Navarro; O. Galao; F.J. Baeza; E. Zornoza; B. Calderón; I. Rodríguez; N. Arnaiz; M.D. Romero Sánchez; P. Garcés. The Effect of Different Oxygen Surface Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes on the Electrical Resistivity and Strain Sensing Function of Cement Pastes. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 807 .
AMA StyleB. Del Moral, I. Martín Gullón, R. Navarro, O. Galao, F.J. Baeza, E. Zornoza, B. Calderón, I. Rodríguez, N. Arnaiz, M.D. Romero Sánchez, P. Garcés. The Effect of Different Oxygen Surface Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes on the Electrical Resistivity and Strain Sensing Function of Cement Pastes. Nanomaterials. 2020; 10 (4):807.
Chicago/Turabian StyleB. Del Moral; I. Martín Gullón; R. Navarro; O. Galao; F.J. Baeza; E. Zornoza; B. Calderón; I. Rodríguez; N. Arnaiz; M.D. Romero Sánchez; P. Garcés. 2020. "The Effect of Different Oxygen Surface Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes on the Electrical Resistivity and Strain Sensing Function of Cement Pastes." Nanomaterials 10, no. 4: 807.
Sustainability requirements are gaining importance in the construction industry, which needs to take specific measures in the design and construction of concrete structures. The use of recycled aggregates in concrete may be of special interest. Recycling a construction waste will close the life cycle of the original materials (e.g., concrete). Thus, environmental benefits would come from the lower waste generation, and from a lower necessity of raw materials for new structures. The current Spanish code for structural concrete considers the use of recycled aggregates in replacement rates up to 20% by aggregate mass, assimilating their properties with those of concretes without aggregate replacement. Higher substitution percentages would require further testing. In this work, substitution of coarse aggregate for recycled aggregates (with replacement percentages of 25%, 50% and 100%) has been studied, and the concrete’s residual properties after exposure to high temperatures (between 350 °C and 850 °C) have been assessed. Compressive strength and capillary water absorption tests were made after heating, and the experiments showed higher residual strength in concretes with the greatest content of recycled aggregates. However, a statistical analysis made with additional data available in the literature seemed to predict otherwise, and the recycled aggregate replacement would have a negative effect on the residual strength.
Francisco B. Varona; Francisco Baeza-Brotons; Antonio J. Tenza-Abril; F. Javier Baeza; Luis Bañón. Residual Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concretes after High Temperature Exposure. Materials 2020, 13, 1981 .
AMA StyleFrancisco B. Varona, Francisco Baeza-Brotons, Antonio J. Tenza-Abril, F. Javier Baeza, Luis Bañón. Residual Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concretes after High Temperature Exposure. Materials. 2020; 13 (8):1981.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco B. Varona; Francisco Baeza-Brotons; Antonio J. Tenza-Abril; F. Javier Baeza; Luis Bañón. 2020. "Residual Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concretes after High Temperature Exposure." Materials 13, no. 8: 1981.
Architectural heritage is usually built with masonry structures, which present problems under lateral in-plane loading conditions, such as wind pressure or earthquakes. In order to improve the shear behavior of masonry, the use of a fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) has become an interesting solution because of its synergy of mechanical properties and compatibility with masonry substrates. For a proper structural evaluation, the mechanical behavior of reinforced masonry and the FRCM itself needs to be characterized. Hence, a numerical model to evaluate the FRCM reinforcement requires some mechanical parameters that may be difficult to obtain. In this sense, the shear behavior of masonry can be evaluated by means of diagonal tension tests on small specimens (71 × 71 cm). In this work, a digital image correlation (DIC) monitoring system was used to control displacements and cracking patterns of masonry specimens under shear stress (induced by diagonal tension with FRCM layers) applied to one or two sides. In addition, the mechanical behavior of FRCM coupons under uniaxial tensile tests was also registered with DIC. The displacement measurements obtained by DIC were validated with the measurements registered with LVDT. Unlike LVDT-based techniques, DIC monitoring allowed us to measure deformations in masonry during the full test, detecting crack initiation even before it was visible to the eye.
Benjamín Torres; Francisco B. Varona; F. Javier Baeza; David Bru; Salvador Ivorra. Study on Retrofitted Masonry Elements under Shear Using Digital Image Correlation. Sensors 2020, 20, 2122 .
AMA StyleBenjamín Torres, Francisco B. Varona, F. Javier Baeza, David Bru, Salvador Ivorra. Study on Retrofitted Masonry Elements under Shear Using Digital Image Correlation. Sensors. 2020; 20 (7):2122.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenjamín Torres; Francisco B. Varona; F. Javier Baeza; David Bru; Salvador Ivorra. 2020. "Study on Retrofitted Masonry Elements under Shear Using Digital Image Correlation." Sensors 20, no. 7: 2122.
There are many available studies on the reinforcement of columns by confinement with composite materials. However, in the particular case of stone elements, there is a lack of information regarding the performance of this solution under adverse conditions, which may occur during the life service of the structure. In this research, the confinement of calcarenite samples with a Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) jacket has been studied in different scenarios, which simulate real conditions of structural retrofitting works. Specifically, the FRP’s efficiency was assessed in water saturation specimens, in damaged samples due to previous load, or the FRP jacket was casted directly in preloaded stone columns. As a general conclusion, FRP could improve notably the compressive strength of the unconfined material. In addition, the mechanical behavior seemed to depend on the FRP properties rather than the actual damage suffered by the rock core.
Luis Estevan; F. Javier Baeza; Antonio Maciá; Salvador Ivorra. FRP Confinement of Stone Specimens Subjected to Moisture and Preload. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 2020, 1 -14.
AMA StyleLuis Estevan, F. Javier Baeza, Antonio Maciá, Salvador Ivorra. FRP Confinement of Stone Specimens Subjected to Moisture and Preload. International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 2020; ():1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Estevan; F. Javier Baeza; Antonio Maciá; Salvador Ivorra. 2020. "FRP Confinement of Stone Specimens Subjected to Moisture and Preload." International Journal of Architectural Heritage , no. : 1-14.
The bond mechanism between steel and concrete can be compromised during a fire and is one of the least investigated phenomena in concrete research. In this work we present a thorough review of the experimental data available on this topic. The results from the tests reported by a number of researchers have been systematically collected in a database. This work also reports the results obtained in the bond strength tests carried out on four batches of normal and high strength concretes exposed to temperatures up to 825 °C. The database provides the source for a multiple regression analysis which is performed in order to define a model aimed at predicting the bond strength as a function of several variables: the exposure temperature, the concrete compressive strength at ambient temperature, the type of fibre addition, the fibre volume fraction, the age at testing, the bond length and the concrete cover of the steel bar. Based on different error measurements, our model is favourably compared to the set of experimental results reported here and also other prediction models reported in the literature.
F.B. Varona; F.J. Baeza; D. Bru; S. Ivorra. Non-linear multivariable model for predicting the steel to concrete bond after high temperature exposure. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 249, 118713 .
AMA StyleF.B. Varona, F.J. Baeza, D. Bru, S. Ivorra. Non-linear multivariable model for predicting the steel to concrete bond after high temperature exposure. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 249 ():118713.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF.B. Varona; F.J. Baeza; D. Bru; S. Ivorra. 2020. "Non-linear multivariable model for predicting the steel to concrete bond after high temperature exposure." Construction and Building Materials 249, no. : 118713.
The electrical resistivity of carbon fiber reinforced cement composites (CFRCC) has been widely studied for the functional applications of these composites. CFRCC with enhanced electrical properties can be used as strain or damage sensor, heating or deicing material, or anode in different electrochemical techniques, like chloride extraction or cathodic protection. In this work, carbon fiber reinforced cement mortars have been prepared using a conductive aggregate produced from the valorization of Electric Arc Furnace slag (EAF slag). Cement based mortars containing EAF slag aggregates revealed lower resistivity; hence, the carbon fiber percolation threshold decreased. Additionally, the strain sensing capacity of those composites with conductive aggregates was also enhanced, indicating similar sensitivity and lower dispersion than equivalent mortars containing limestone aggregates. The best linear regressions between the electrical and mechanical measures were achieved for EAF slag cement mortar containing 1.29 vol% of oxidized carbon fibers.
F. Javier Baeza; O. Galao; I.J. Vegas; M. Cano; P. Garcés. Influence of recycled slag aggregates on the conductivity and strain sensing capacity of carbon fiber reinforced cement mortars. Construction and Building Materials 2018, 184, 311 -319.
AMA StyleF. Javier Baeza, O. Galao, I.J. Vegas, M. Cano, P. Garcés. Influence of recycled slag aggregates on the conductivity and strain sensing capacity of carbon fiber reinforced cement mortars. Construction and Building Materials. 2018; 184 ():311-319.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF. Javier Baeza; O. Galao; I.J. Vegas; M. Cano; P. Garcés. 2018. "Influence of recycled slag aggregates on the conductivity and strain sensing capacity of carbon fiber reinforced cement mortars." Construction and Building Materials 184, no. : 311-319.
This document presents a systematic analysis of the damage causes of industrial masonry chimneys, i.e. cracking patterns, materials’ degradation and structural displacements. The methodology includes an adequate geometric evaluation with identification of each observed lesion, their situation and their environmental conditions. The industrial process temperatures have been documented, hence maximum temperatures and gradients during chimney’s service life were evaluated, and any possible crack pattern because thermal loads was analyzed. In addition, chemical composition (SEM, EDS and DRX) and mechanical properties (compressive and bending strengths) were assessed. Microstructural analyses were useful to detect certain elements and compounds related to corrosion or degradation processes of mortar and steel. Analytical and FE models were made to evaluate the influence of each possible damage source, i.e. temperature gradients, corrosion and chemical reactions producing expansion in the mortar. The effect of internal pressures (because corroded steel) were successfully modelled as spring elements in vertical and horizontal cracks, which matched experimental data obtained in real structures. These results have demonstrated the relation between horizontal displacements of the crown and the position of the internal stairs (made in steel bars embedded in the masonry). Once cracked, either by corrosion or by temperature, the water entrance through the cracks produces chemical reactions with the combustion sulphurs, present in the mortar because of combustion gasses. These reactions generate an expansion inside the masonry located only in one façade. Hence, differential displacements generate the curvature and the consequent drift.
David Bru; Ricardo Reynau; F. Javier Baeza; Salvador Ivorra. Structural damage evaluation of industrial masonry chimneys. Materials and Structures 2018, 51, 34 .
AMA StyleDavid Bru, Ricardo Reynau, F. Javier Baeza, Salvador Ivorra. Structural damage evaluation of industrial masonry chimneys. Materials and Structures. 2018; 51 (1):34.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Bru; Ricardo Reynau; F. Javier Baeza; Salvador Ivorra. 2018. "Structural damage evaluation of industrial masonry chimneys." Materials and Structures 51, no. 1: 34.
The development of information and communication technologies (ICT) and robotics is currently demonstrating its potential impact on different fields of application. With regard to cultural heritage, and architectural and engineering heritage in particular, these new technologies are changing the possibilities for structural capacity assessment and health monitoring (SHM). The objective of smart heritage can be achieved thanks to properly designed SHM systems, which when connected to an automated diagnostic system can even self-evaluate retrofitting needs. This chapter includes a brief summary of the SHM technologies applied for cultural heritage management in Spain during the early 2000s.
F. Javier Baeza; Salvador Ivorra; David Bru; F. Borja Varona. Structural Health Monitoring Systems for Smart Heritage and Infrastructures in Spain. Satellite Formation Flying 2018, 271 -294.
AMA StyleF. Javier Baeza, Salvador Ivorra, David Bru, F. Borja Varona. Structural Health Monitoring Systems for Smart Heritage and Infrastructures in Spain. Satellite Formation Flying. 2018; ():271-294.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF. Javier Baeza; Salvador Ivorra; David Bru; F. Borja Varona. 2018. "Structural Health Monitoring Systems for Smart Heritage and Infrastructures in Spain." Satellite Formation Flying , no. : 271-294.
The current version of the European standard for concrete structures gives tabulated data for the evolution of the mechanical properties of normal strength concrete subjected to elevated temperatures. However, the standard acknowledges the lack of sufficient data for the case of high strength concrete with limestone aggregate and there are no provisions for fibre reinforced concrete at high temperatures. This paper presents the experimental results obtained on six batches of normal and high strength fibre reinforced concrete made with limestone aggregates and tested after exposure to high temperatures. These results gave a good correlation with previous researches and equations were obtained to describe the evolution of the compressive strength and the flexural strength at elevated temperatures. Ductility was also measured in the flexural strength tests and results suggested that the use of steel fibres with higher aspect ratio may lead to lower ductility after exposure to temperatures higher than 650 °C
F.B. Varona; F. Javier Baeza; David Bru; S. Ivorra. Influence of high temperature on the mechanical properties of hybrid fibre reinforced normal and high strength concrete. Construction and Building Materials 2018, 159, 73 -82.
AMA StyleF.B. Varona, F. Javier Baeza, David Bru, S. Ivorra. Influence of high temperature on the mechanical properties of hybrid fibre reinforced normal and high strength concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2018; 159 ():73-82.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF.B. Varona; F. Javier Baeza; David Bru; S. Ivorra. 2018. "Influence of high temperature on the mechanical properties of hybrid fibre reinforced normal and high strength concrete." Construction and Building Materials 159, no. : 73-82.
Cement composites with nano-additions have been vastly studied for their functional applications, such as strain and damage sensing. The capacity of a carbon nanofiber (CNF) cement paste has already been tested. However, this study is focused on the use of CNF cement composites as sensors in regular concrete samples. Different measuring techniques and humidity conditions of CNF samples were tested to optimize the strain and damage sensing of this material. In the strain sensing tests (for compressive stresses up to 10 MPa), the response depends on the maximum stress applied. The material was more sensitive at higher loads. Furthermore, the actual load time history did not influence the electrical response, and similar curves were obtained for different test configurations. On the other hand, damage sensing tests proved the capability of CNF cement composites to measure the strain level of concrete samples, even for loads close to the material’s strength. Some problems were detected in the strain transmission between sensor and concrete specimens, which will require specific calibration of each sensor one attached to the structure.
Oscar Galao; F. Javier Baeza; Emilio Zornoza; Pedro Garcés. Carbon Nanofiber Cement Sensors to Detect Strain and Damage of Concrete Specimens Under Compression. Nanomaterials 2017, 7, 413 .
AMA StyleOscar Galao, F. Javier Baeza, Emilio Zornoza, Pedro Garcés. Carbon Nanofiber Cement Sensors to Detect Strain and Damage of Concrete Specimens Under Compression. Nanomaterials. 2017; 7 (12):413.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOscar Galao; F. Javier Baeza; Emilio Zornoza; Pedro Garcés. 2017. "Carbon Nanofiber Cement Sensors to Detect Strain and Damage of Concrete Specimens Under Compression." Nanomaterials 7, no. 12: 413.
D. Bru; S. Ivorra; F.J. Baeza. Seismic behavior of a masonry chimney retrofitted with composite materials: A preliminary approach. International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering 2017, 7, 486 -497.
AMA StyleD. Bru, S. Ivorra, F.J. Baeza. Seismic behavior of a masonry chimney retrofitted with composite materials: A preliminary approach. International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering. 2017; 7 (4):486-497.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Bru; S. Ivorra; F.J. Baeza. 2017. "Seismic behavior of a masonry chimney retrofitted with composite materials: A preliminary approach." International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering 7, no. 4: 486-497.
Building information modelling (BIM) is a collaborative work methodology for the creation and management of a construction project. Its aim is to...
Juan C. Pomares; F. Javier Baeza; Francisco B. Varona; David Bru. BIM IMPLEMENTATION FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN COURSES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING. Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Design, Construction and Operations II 2017, 169, 79 -86.
AMA StyleJuan C. Pomares, F. Javier Baeza, Francisco B. Varona, David Bru. BIM IMPLEMENTATION FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN COURSES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING. Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Design, Construction and Operations II. 2017; 169 ():79-86.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan C. Pomares; F. Javier Baeza; Francisco B. Varona; David Bru. 2017. "BIM IMPLEMENTATION FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN COURSES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING." Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Design, Construction and Operations II 169, no. : 79-86.
Salvador Ivorra; Dora Foti; Francesco Paparella; F. Javier Baeza. Dynamic load tests on the North-South axis cable-stayed bridge with a non-symmetric central pylon. Procedia Engineering 2017, 199, 2967 -2972.
AMA StyleSalvador Ivorra, Dora Foti, Francesco Paparella, F. Javier Baeza. Dynamic load tests on the North-South axis cable-stayed bridge with a non-symmetric central pylon. Procedia Engineering. 2017; 199 ():2967-2972.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalvador Ivorra; Dora Foti; Francesco Paparella; F. Javier Baeza. 2017. "Dynamic load tests on the North-South axis cable-stayed bridge with a non-symmetric central pylon." Procedia Engineering 199, no. : 2967-2972.
F. Javier Baeza; Salvador Ivorra; David Bru; F. Borja Varona. Dynamic evaluation of a historic fountain under blast loading. Procedia Engineering 2017, 199, 3308 -3313.
AMA StyleF. Javier Baeza, Salvador Ivorra, David Bru, F. Borja Varona. Dynamic evaluation of a historic fountain under blast loading. Procedia Engineering. 2017; 199 ():3308-3313.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF. Javier Baeza; Salvador Ivorra; David Bru; F. Borja Varona. 2017. "Dynamic evaluation of a historic fountain under blast loading." Procedia Engineering 199, no. : 3308-3313.
A. Maciá; F. Javier Baeza; J.M. Saval; S. Ivorra. Mechanical properties of boards made in biocomposites reinforced with wood and Posidonia oceanica fibers. Composites Part B: Engineering 2016, 104, 1 -8.
AMA StyleA. Maciá, F. Javier Baeza, J.M. Saval, S. Ivorra. Mechanical properties of boards made in biocomposites reinforced with wood and Posidonia oceanica fibers. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2016; 104 ():1-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Maciá; F. Javier Baeza; J.M. Saval; S. Ivorra. 2016. "Mechanical properties of boards made in biocomposites reinforced with wood and Posidonia oceanica fibers." Composites Part B: Engineering 104, no. : 1-8.
Alkaline activation has become a useful procedure to obtain high strength cement composites without Portland cement. Different industrial byproducts can be activated using this technique, e.g. blast furnace slag, fly ash or metakaolin. Thus a new generation of more sustainable composites is being developed. However, the main disadvantage of these composites is their high drying shrinkage strain. Among the different approaches to address this problem, shrinkage reducing admixtures are the most used, but the addition of fibers can be useful for this purpose. In this work, alkali activated slag (AAS) pastes have been reinforced with carbon fibers (CF). The effect of the concentration of alkaline activator (Na2O% and silica modulus) and the fiber aspect ratio (using different length fibers with the same diameter) on the mechanical properties has been assessed. Mechanical characterization comprised bending and compressive strength tests, ultrasonic pulse velocity and density measurements, and drying shrinkage tests, in which CF were capable of improving the mechanical strengths of AAS pastes while controlling the specimens strain due to shrinkage. CF additions increased bending strength up to five times, and increases up to 20% in compressive strength were observed. Furthermore, CF can be a convenient addition to control the drying shrinkage of AAS composites. Even in adverse conditions, such us 50% RH, where unreinforced specimens actually broke, CF could guarantee the stability of the specimen.
J.L. Vilaplana; F. Javier Baeza; O. Galao; E.G. Alcocel; E. Zornoza; P. Garcés. Mechanical properties of alkali activated blast furnace slag pastes reinforced with carbon fibers. Construction and Building Materials 2016, 116, 63 -71.
AMA StyleJ.L. Vilaplana, F. Javier Baeza, O. Galao, E.G. Alcocel, E. Zornoza, P. Garcés. Mechanical properties of alkali activated blast furnace slag pastes reinforced with carbon fibers. Construction and Building Materials. 2016; 116 ():63-71.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.L. Vilaplana; F. Javier Baeza; O. Galao; E.G. Alcocel; E. Zornoza; P. Garcés. 2016. "Mechanical properties of alkali activated blast furnace slag pastes reinforced with carbon fibers." Construction and Building Materials 116, no. : 63-71.