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Dr. Francisco B. Varona Moya
University of Alicante (Spain)

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0 Concrete
0 bond strength
0 fire behavior
0 high temperature properties
0 Construction and Building Technology

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Concrete
bond strength

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Journal article
Published: 19 April 2021 in Journal of Building Engineering
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Although the confinement of compressed columns with composite materials has been extensively studied during the last decades, scarce research has been conducted in the particular case of reinforcement of stone or masonry elements subjected to high temperatures. This work reports an experimental study on the mechanical behavior of cylindrical stone specimens exposed to temperatures of 600 °C and subsequently cooled with two different methods: slow air cooling or rapid water immersion. The effect of confinement by means of carbon or glass fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) is studied. The mechanical properties of the rock are also analyzed by non-destructive tests, which constitute very appropriate techniques when working on heritage buildings. In general terms, it was found that the effect of temperature significantly reduced the strength and elastic modulus of the rock. On the other hand, FRP confinement provided large increases in strength and ultimate strain, compared to unreinforced samples. An important finding of this work is that the response of the confined specimens seems to depend basically on the properties of the FRP laminate, and not on the damage that the stone core may have suffered. Finally, the experimental results are compared with the predictions of analytical confinement models included in the most relevant international design guides. It has been proven that these models seem to provide accurate results in the case of unheated and unaltered stone, although they show larger deviations in the case of high temperature exposed specimens.

ACS Style

L. Estevan; F.J. Baeza; F.B. Varona; S. Ivorra. Evaluation of the mechanical response of calcarenite specimens confined with fiber reinforced polymers after high temperature exposure. Journal of Building Engineering 2021, 42, 102504 .

AMA Style

L. Estevan, F.J. Baeza, F.B. Varona, S. Ivorra. Evaluation of the mechanical response of calcarenite specimens confined with fiber reinforced polymers after high temperature exposure. Journal of Building Engineering. 2021; 42 ():102504.

Chicago/Turabian Style

L. Estevan; F.J. Baeza; F.B. Varona; S. Ivorra. 2021. "Evaluation of the mechanical response of calcarenite specimens confined with fiber reinforced polymers after high temperature exposure." Journal of Building Engineering 42, no. : 102504.

Journal article
Published: 15 October 2020 in Polymers
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The mechanical properties of stone materials can be severely affected by exposure to high temperatures. The effect of fire on stone buildings could cause irreversible damage and make it necessary to retrofit the affected elements. Particularly, the strengthening of columns by confinement with composites has been widely improved during the last decades. Today, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) confinement represents a very interesting alternative to traditional steel solutions. This work studied the behavior of cylindrical stone specimens subjected to real fire action and confined by means of CFRP or GFRP jackets, with the aim of assessing the effectiveness of these reinforcement systems applied to a material that has previously been seriously damaged by high temperature exposure. In general, the strengthened samples showed notable increases in strength and ductility. The response seemed to depend basically on the FRP properties and not on the degree of damage that the stone core may have suffered. Finally, the results obtained experimentally were compared with the confinement models proposed by the available design guides, in order to evaluate the accuracy that these models can offer under the different situations addressed in this research.

ACS Style

Luis Estevan; F. Javier Baeza; Francisco B. Varona; Salvador Ivorra. FRP Confinement of Stone Samples after Real Fire Exposure. Polymers 2020, 12, 2367 .

AMA Style

Luis Estevan, F. Javier Baeza, Francisco B. Varona, Salvador Ivorra. FRP Confinement of Stone Samples after Real Fire Exposure. Polymers. 2020; 12 (10):2367.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luis Estevan; F. Javier Baeza; Francisco B. Varona; Salvador Ivorra. 2020. "FRP Confinement of Stone Samples after Real Fire Exposure." Polymers 12, no. 10: 2367.

Journal article
Published: 23 April 2020 in Materials
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Sustainability requirements are gaining importance in the construction industry, which needs to take specific measures in the design and construction of concrete structures. The use of recycled aggregates in concrete may be of special interest. Recycling a construction waste will close the life cycle of the original materials (e.g., concrete). Thus, environmental benefits would come from the lower waste generation, and from a lower necessity of raw materials for new structures. The current Spanish code for structural concrete considers the use of recycled aggregates in replacement rates up to 20% by aggregate mass, assimilating their properties with those of concretes without aggregate replacement. Higher substitution percentages would require further testing. In this work, substitution of coarse aggregate for recycled aggregates (with replacement percentages of 25%, 50% and 100%) has been studied, and the concrete’s residual properties after exposure to high temperatures (between 350 °C and 850 °C) have been assessed. Compressive strength and capillary water absorption tests were made after heating, and the experiments showed higher residual strength in concretes with the greatest content of recycled aggregates. However, a statistical analysis made with additional data available in the literature seemed to predict otherwise, and the recycled aggregate replacement would have a negative effect on the residual strength.

ACS Style

Francisco B. Varona; Francisco Baeza-Brotons; Antonio J. Tenza-Abril; F. Javier Baeza; Luis Bañón. Residual Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concretes after High Temperature Exposure. Materials 2020, 13, 1981 .

AMA Style

Francisco B. Varona, Francisco Baeza-Brotons, Antonio J. Tenza-Abril, F. Javier Baeza, Luis Bañón. Residual Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concretes after High Temperature Exposure. Materials. 2020; 13 (8):1981.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco B. Varona; Francisco Baeza-Brotons; Antonio J. Tenza-Abril; F. Javier Baeza; Luis Bañón. 2020. "Residual Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concretes after High Temperature Exposure." Materials 13, no. 8: 1981.

Journal article
Published: 09 April 2020 in Sensors
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Architectural heritage is usually built with masonry structures, which present problems under lateral in-plane loading conditions, such as wind pressure or earthquakes. In order to improve the shear behavior of masonry, the use of a fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) has become an interesting solution because of its synergy of mechanical properties and compatibility with masonry substrates. For a proper structural evaluation, the mechanical behavior of reinforced masonry and the FRCM itself needs to be characterized. Hence, a numerical model to evaluate the FRCM reinforcement requires some mechanical parameters that may be difficult to obtain. In this sense, the shear behavior of masonry can be evaluated by means of diagonal tension tests on small specimens (71 × 71 cm). In this work, a digital image correlation (DIC) monitoring system was used to control displacements and cracking patterns of masonry specimens under shear stress (induced by diagonal tension with FRCM layers) applied to one or two sides. In addition, the mechanical behavior of FRCM coupons under uniaxial tensile tests was also registered with DIC. The displacement measurements obtained by DIC were validated with the measurements registered with LVDT. Unlike LVDT-based techniques, DIC monitoring allowed us to measure deformations in masonry during the full test, detecting crack initiation even before it was visible to the eye.

ACS Style

Benjamín Torres; Francisco B. Varona; F. Javier Baeza; David Bru; Salvador Ivorra. Study on Retrofitted Masonry Elements under Shear Using Digital Image Correlation. Sensors 2020, 20, 2122 .

AMA Style

Benjamín Torres, Francisco B. Varona, F. Javier Baeza, David Bru, Salvador Ivorra. Study on Retrofitted Masonry Elements under Shear Using Digital Image Correlation. Sensors. 2020; 20 (7):2122.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Benjamín Torres; Francisco B. Varona; F. Javier Baeza; David Bru; Salvador Ivorra. 2020. "Study on Retrofitted Masonry Elements under Shear Using Digital Image Correlation." Sensors 20, no. 7: 2122.

Journal article
Published: 24 March 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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The bond mechanism between steel and concrete can be compromised during a fire and is one of the least investigated phenomena in concrete research. In this work we present a thorough review of the experimental data available on this topic. The results from the tests reported by a number of researchers have been systematically collected in a database. This work also reports the results obtained in the bond strength tests carried out on four batches of normal and high strength concretes exposed to temperatures up to 825 °C. The database provides the source for a multiple regression analysis which is performed in order to define a model aimed at predicting the bond strength as a function of several variables: the exposure temperature, the concrete compressive strength at ambient temperature, the type of fibre addition, the fibre volume fraction, the age at testing, the bond length and the concrete cover of the steel bar. Based on different error measurements, our model is favourably compared to the set of experimental results reported here and also other prediction models reported in the literature.

ACS Style

F.B. Varona; F.J. Baeza; D. Bru; S. Ivorra. Non-linear multivariable model for predicting the steel to concrete bond after high temperature exposure. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 249, 118713 .

AMA Style

F.B. Varona, F.J. Baeza, D. Bru, S. Ivorra. Non-linear multivariable model for predicting the steel to concrete bond after high temperature exposure. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 249 ():118713.

Chicago/Turabian Style

F.B. Varona; F.J. Baeza; D. Bru; S. Ivorra. 2020. "Non-linear multivariable model for predicting the steel to concrete bond after high temperature exposure." Construction and Building Materials 249, no. : 118713.

Journal article
Published: 19 November 2019 in Computers & Structures
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Reinforced concrete slabs are an essential part of high-rise structures and are designed to withstand the loads to which they are subjected. However, concrete slabs may fail due to punching shear, which is one of the greatest risks they face. This type of failure, hard to predict, befalls almost instantaneously and may lead to catastrophic consequences. In this paper, ABAQUS is used to analyse a series of non-linear numerical models to simulate the punching shear effect on reinforced bolt-retrofitted concrete flat slabs whose bolts are arranged in three different positions around the support. To start with, an initial calibration of a finite element model was carried out with experimental results reported by Adetifa and Polak. Next, a parametric analysis was performed to determine the influence of the retrofitting geometrical parameters. For this purpose, over two hundred models were created with the help of an automation algorithm programmed in Python. Our parametric study shows that a shear-bolt radial layout may be most adequate for retrofitting slab-to-column connections in which the phenomenon of punching shear is likely to occur. Moreover, the distance between the first pair of bolts and the column’s face is recommended to be approximately five times the diameter of the shear bolts.

ACS Style

M. Navarro; S. Ivorra; F.B. Varona. Parametric finite element analysis of punching shear behaviour of RC slabs reinforced with bolts. Computers & Structures 2019, 228, 106147 .

AMA Style

M. Navarro, S. Ivorra, F.B. Varona. Parametric finite element analysis of punching shear behaviour of RC slabs reinforced with bolts. Computers & Structures. 2019; 228 ():106147.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Navarro; S. Ivorra; F.B. Varona. 2019. "Parametric finite element analysis of punching shear behaviour of RC slabs reinforced with bolts." Computers & Structures 228, no. : 106147.

Conference paper
Published: 13 August 2019 in Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements XIX
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ACS Style

F.B. Varona; Yolanda Villacampa; Francisco José Navarro-González; David Bru; Francisco Javier Baeza. NON-LINEAR NUMERICAL MODELS FOR PREDICTING THE BOND STRENGTH OF FIBRE-REINFORCED CONCRETE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES. Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements XIX 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

F.B. Varona, Yolanda Villacampa, Francisco José Navarro-González, David Bru, Francisco Javier Baeza. NON-LINEAR NUMERICAL MODELS FOR PREDICTING THE BOND STRENGTH OF FIBRE-REINFORCED CONCRETE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES. Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements XIX. 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

F.B. Varona; Yolanda Villacampa; Francisco José Navarro-González; David Bru; Francisco Javier Baeza. 2019. "NON-LINEAR NUMERICAL MODELS FOR PREDICTING THE BOND STRENGTH OF FIBRE-REINFORCED CONCRETE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES." Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements XIX , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in DYNA
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One of the critical structural failures in buildings is the phenomenon of punching shear in the slab-column connection. In this paper, a nonlinear numerical model for studying this phenomenon in reinforced concrete slabs is presented. The model is based on FEM and developed in ABAQUS. The ultimate goal is to prepare a simulation tool to study existing slabs, assess their punching strength and design a reinforcement if necessary. The study also concerns new constructions, where geometry and ratios could be optimised. For that reason, the automation of routines in Python code has been carried out in order to improve the efficiency in the creation of a variety of numerical models. Key Words: Python, Abaqus, punching, reinforced concrete, slab, nonlinear, numerical simulation.

ACS Style

Miguel Navarro Menargues; Francisco De Borja Varona Moya; David Bru Orts; Salvador Ivorra Chorro. AUTOMATED PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF PUNCHING SHEAR IN REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS. DYNA 2019, 94, 106 -111.

AMA Style

Miguel Navarro Menargues, Francisco De Borja Varona Moya, David Bru Orts, Salvador Ivorra Chorro. AUTOMATED PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF PUNCHING SHEAR IN REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS. DYNA. 2019; 94 (1):106-111.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miguel Navarro Menargues; Francisco De Borja Varona Moya; David Bru Orts; Salvador Ivorra Chorro. 2019. "AUTOMATED PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF PUNCHING SHEAR IN REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS." DYNA 94, no. 1: 106-111.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2018 in Hormigón y Acero
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ACS Style

Francisco B. Varona; Francisco J. Baeza; Salvador Ivorra. Estudio de las propiedades mecánicas residuales de hormigones expuestos a altas temperaturas. Hormigón y Acero 2018, 69, 235 -241.

AMA Style

Francisco B. Varona, Francisco J. Baeza, Salvador Ivorra. Estudio de las propiedades mecánicas residuales de hormigones expuestos a altas temperaturas. Hormigón y Acero. 2018; 69 (286):235-241.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco B. Varona; Francisco J. Baeza; Salvador Ivorra. 2018. "Estudio de las propiedades mecánicas residuales de hormigones expuestos a altas temperaturas." Hormigón y Acero 69, no. 286: 235-241.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2018 in Construction and Building Materials
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Reinforced concrete structural strength depends on the bond between steel rebars and concrete. This mechanism can be compromised during a fire, but may be one of the least investigated phenomena in concrete research, and is not addressed in concrete design codes. This paper is focused on the characterization of the bond strength after exposure to temperatures up to 825 °C, by means of pull-out tests carried out in normal and high strength concrete, with polypropylene and steel fibres. Compressive and pull-out tests were performed after exposure to high temperature and cooling down to room temperature. Hybrid fibre addition including steel fibres with a high aspect ratio proved beneficial to the peak bond strength at the highest temperatures tested. However, high strength concretes exposed to 450 °C presented higher bond strength losses if steel fibres were added. Finally, equations are proposed for predicting the bond strength after high temperature exposure.

ACS Style

F.B. Varona; F.J. Baeza; David Bru; S. Ivorra. Evolution of the bond strength between reinforcing steel and fibre reinforced concrete after high temperature exposure. Construction and Building Materials 2018, 176, 359 -370.

AMA Style

F.B. Varona, F.J. Baeza, David Bru, S. Ivorra. Evolution of the bond strength between reinforcing steel and fibre reinforced concrete after high temperature exposure. Construction and Building Materials. 2018; 176 ():359-370.

Chicago/Turabian Style

F.B. Varona; F.J. Baeza; David Bru; S. Ivorra. 2018. "Evolution of the bond strength between reinforcing steel and fibre reinforced concrete after high temperature exposure." Construction and Building Materials 176, no. : 359-370.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2018 in Engineering Structures
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ACS Style

M. Navarro; S. Ivorra; F.B. Varona. Parametric computational analysis for punching shear in RC slabs. Engineering Structures 2018, 165, 254 -263.

AMA Style

M. Navarro, S. Ivorra, F.B. Varona. Parametric computational analysis for punching shear in RC slabs. Engineering Structures. 2018; 165 ():254-263.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Navarro; S. Ivorra; F.B. Varona. 2018. "Parametric computational analysis for punching shear in RC slabs." Engineering Structures 165, no. : 254-263.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Construction and Building Materials
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The current version of the European standard for concrete structures gives tabulated data for the evolution of the mechanical properties of normal strength concrete subjected to elevated temperatures. However, the standard acknowledges the lack of sufficient data for the case of high strength concrete with limestone aggregate and there are no provisions for fibre reinforced concrete at high temperatures. This paper presents the experimental results obtained on six batches of normal and high strength fibre reinforced concrete made with limestone aggregates and tested after exposure to high temperatures. These results gave a good correlation with previous researches and equations were obtained to describe the evolution of the compressive strength and the flexural strength at elevated temperatures. Ductility was also measured in the flexural strength tests and results suggested that the use of steel fibres with higher aspect ratio may lead to lower ductility after exposure to temperatures higher than 650 °C

ACS Style

F.B. Varona; F. Javier Baeza; David Bru; S. Ivorra. Influence of high temperature on the mechanical properties of hybrid fibre reinforced normal and high strength concrete. Construction and Building Materials 2018, 159, 73 -82.

AMA Style

F.B. Varona, F. Javier Baeza, David Bru, S. Ivorra. Influence of high temperature on the mechanical properties of hybrid fibre reinforced normal and high strength concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2018; 159 ():73-82.

Chicago/Turabian Style

F.B. Varona; F. Javier Baeza; David Bru; S. Ivorra. 2018. "Influence of high temperature on the mechanical properties of hybrid fibre reinforced normal and high strength concrete." Construction and Building Materials 159, no. : 73-82.

Journal article
Published: 03 November 2017 in International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements
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The present paper describes the application of an evolutionary algorithm to the optimum design of the reinforcement of timber beams using FRP laminates...

ACS Style

Francisco B. Varona; David Bru-Orts; Francisco J. Baeza; Salvador Ivorra. Application of an evolutionary algorithm to reduce the cost of strengthening of timber beams. International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements 2017, 6, 667 -678.

AMA Style

Francisco B. Varona, David Bru-Orts, Francisco J. Baeza, Salvador Ivorra. Application of an evolutionary algorithm to reduce the cost of strengthening of timber beams. International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements. 2017; 6 (4):667-678.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco B. Varona; David Bru-Orts; Francisco J. Baeza; Salvador Ivorra. 2017. "Application of an evolutionary algorithm to reduce the cost of strengthening of timber beams." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements 6, no. 4: 667-678.

Conference paper
Published: 10 May 2017 in Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Design, Construction and Operations II
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Building information modelling (BIM) is a collaborative work methodology for the creation and management of a construction project. Its aim is to...

ACS Style

Juan C. Pomares; F. Javier Baeza; Francisco B. Varona; David Bru. BIM IMPLEMENTATION FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN COURSES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING. Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Design, Construction and Operations II 2017, 169, 79 -86.

AMA Style

Juan C. Pomares, F. Javier Baeza, Francisco B. Varona, David Bru. BIM IMPLEMENTATION FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN COURSES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING. Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Design, Construction and Operations II. 2017; 169 ():79-86.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juan C. Pomares; F. Javier Baeza; Francisco B. Varona; David Bru. 2017. "BIM IMPLEMENTATION FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN COURSES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING." Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Design, Construction and Operations II 169, no. : 79-86.

Journal article
Published: 05 December 2014 in Materials and Structures
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A study on the static and dynamic properties of sawn timber beams reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) is reported in this paper. The experimental program is focused on the behavior of unidirectional wooden slabs, and the main objective is to fulfill the service state limit upon vibrations using GFRP when an architectonical retrofitting project is necessary. Two different typologies of reinforcement were evaluated on pine wood beams: one applied the composite only on the lower side of the beams, while the other also covered half of the beams depth. For the dynamic characterization, the natural frequency, damping ratio, and dynamic elastic modulus were measured using two different techniques: experimental modal analysis upon the whole beams; and bandwidth method using smaller samples of the same material. The static characterization consisted of four point bending tests, where elastic modulus, bending strength and ductility were assessed. The lower composite had better ductility and bending strength. On the other hand, the U-shaped laminate showed higher stiffness but also at a higher material cost. However, it allowed some ductility, i.e. compressive plasticity, even in the presence of hidden knots. Both dynamic techniques gave similar results and were capable of measuring the structure stiffness, even if short samples were used. Finally, the changes on dynamic properties because of the GFRP did not jeopardize the dynamic performance of the reinforced timber beams.The authors want to acknowledge the University of Alicante for their economic support, Grant GRE12-04, Generalitat Valenciana Grant GV/2014/079 and the Spanish “Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad”, Grant BIA2012-34316

ACS Style

D. Bru; F. Javier Baeza; F. B. Varona; Javier Garcia-Barba; Salvador Ivorra. Static and dynamic properties of retrofitted timber beams using glass fiber reinforced polymers. Materials and Structures 2014, 49, 181 -191.

AMA Style

D. Bru, F. Javier Baeza, F. B. Varona, Javier Garcia-Barba, Salvador Ivorra. Static and dynamic properties of retrofitted timber beams using glass fiber reinforced polymers. Materials and Structures. 2014; 49 (1-2):181-191.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Bru; F. Javier Baeza; F. B. Varona; Javier Garcia-Barba; Salvador Ivorra. 2014. "Static and dynamic properties of retrofitted timber beams using glass fiber reinforced polymers." Materials and Structures 49, no. 1-2: 181-191.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2014 in Key Engineering Materials
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This paper presents a structural analysis of a masonry chimney built in the 1940s, which is currently being cataloged as local interest heritage. This structure has not served any industrial purpose for the last thirty years. The chimney is located in the town of Agost (Alicante - Spain) and directly exposed to the prevailing winds from the sea, as it is approximately 12 km away from the waterfront and there are not any significant barriers, which could protect the structure against the wind. There are longitudinal cracks and fissures all along the shaft because of the chimney’s geometrical characteristics, the effect of the masonry creep and especially the lack of maintenance. Moreover, there is also a permanent bending deformation in the upper 1/3 of the height due to the wind pressure. A numerical analysis for the static behavior against gravity and wind loads was performed using the structure’s current conditions after a detailed report of its geometry, its construction system and the cracking pattern. Afterwards, the dynamic behavior was studied, i.e. a seismic analysis using both response spectra and accelerograms in order to examine the structural stability. This work shows the pre-monitoring analysis before any experimental testing. Using the current results the future test conditions will be determined (e.g. number of sensors and monitoring point location, excitation systems, etc) prior to a possible structural reinforcement by applying composite material (fiber reinforced polymers).

ACS Style

Salvador Ivorra; F. Javier Baeza; David Bru; F. Borja Varona. Seismic Behavior of a Masonry Chimney with Severe Cracking Condition: Preliminary Study. Key Engineering Materials 2014, 628, 117 -122.

AMA Style

Salvador Ivorra, F. Javier Baeza, David Bru, F. Borja Varona. Seismic Behavior of a Masonry Chimney with Severe Cracking Condition: Preliminary Study. Key Engineering Materials. 2014; 628 ():117-122.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Salvador Ivorra; F. Javier Baeza; David Bru; F. Borja Varona. 2014. "Seismic Behavior of a Masonry Chimney with Severe Cracking Condition: Preliminary Study." Key Engineering Materials 628, no. : 117-122.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2009 in Journal of Structural Engineering
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A design procedure implementing a genetic algorithm has been developed for the discrete optimization of the design of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) RC structures. The aims of the procedure are to minimize the material costs of strengthening RC beams for flexural and shear behavior. The ultimate limit states and the serviceability limit states are defined according to the European design guidelines for the use of FRP reinforcement in RC structures in accordance with the design format of Eurocode No. 2. The design variables are encoded in order to make use of genetic algorithms as an optimization routine. Comparative studies are presented to study the effect of the different parameters and characteristics of the genetic algorithm. Different aspects covered in the European design code are also considered in the design procedure.

ACS Style

Ricardo Perera; Francisco B. Varona. Flexural and Shear Design of FRP Plated RC Structures Using a Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Structural Engineering 2009, 135, 1418 -1429.

AMA Style

Ricardo Perera, Francisco B. Varona. Flexural and Shear Design of FRP Plated RC Structures Using a Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Structural Engineering. 2009; 135 (11):1418-1429.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ricardo Perera; Francisco B. Varona. 2009. "Flexural and Shear Design of FRP Plated RC Structures Using a Genetic Algorithm." Journal of Structural Engineering 135, no. 11: 1418-1429.