Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths around the globe. Early detection is crucial for successful treatment and increasing patient survival rates. Artificial intelligence techniques can play a significant role in the initial diagnosis of lung cancer. Various methods consisted of machine learning and deep learning methods are used to detect lung cancer. This research works aims to develop automated methods to accurately identify and classify lung cancer in CT scans by using computational intelligence techniques. The process typically involves lobe segmentation, extracting candidate nodules, and classifying nodules as either cancer or non-cancer. The proposed lung cancer classification uses modified U-Net based lobe segmentation and nodule detection model consisting of three phases. The first phase segments lobe using CT slice and predicted mask using modified U-Net architecture and the second phase extracts candidate nodule using predicted mask and label employing modified U-Net architecture. Finally, the third phase is based on modified AlexNet, and a support vector machine is applied to classify candidate nodules as cancer and non-cancer. The experimental outcomes of the proposed methodology for lobe segmentation, candidate nodule extraction, and classification of lung cancer have shown promising results on the publicly available LUAN16 dataset. The modified AlexNet-SVM classification model achieves 97.98% of accuracy, 98.84% of sensitivity, 97.47% of specificity, 97.53% of precision, and 97.70% of F1 for the classification of lung cancer.

The convolutional neural network (CNN) has become a powerful tool in machine learning (ML) that is used to solve complex problems such as image recognition, natural language processing, and video analysis. Notably, the idea of exploring convolutional neural network architecture has gained substantial attention as well as popularity. This study focuses on the intrinsic various CNN architectures: LeNet, AlexNet, VGG16, ResNet-50, and Inception-V1, which have been scrutinized and compared with each other for the detection of lung cancer using publicly available LUNA16 datasets. Furthermore, multiple performance optimizers: root mean square propagation (RMSProp), adaptive moment estimation (Adam), and stochastic gradient descent (SGD), were applied for this comparative study. The performances of the three CNN architectures were measured for accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value, false omission rate, negative predictive value, and F1 score. The experimental results showed that the CNN AlexNet architecture with the SGD optimizer achieved the highest validation accuracy for CT lung cancer with an accuracy of 97.42%, misclassification rate of 2.58%, 97.58% sensitivity, 97.25% specificity, 97.58% positive predictive value, 97.25% negative predictive value, false omission rate of 2.75%, and F1 score of 97.58%. AlexNet with the SGD optimizer was the best and outperformed compared to the other state-of-the-art CNN architectures.

A brain tumor considered the deadliest disease in the world. Patients with misdiagnoses and insufficient treatment have a lower chance of surviving for life. However, for diagnosing the disturbance in the brain, magnetic resonance images play a vital role, but due to the large number of images produced by MRI, it is time-consuming and difficult to diagnose a patient at an earlier stage with high accuracy. Brain tumor detection is challenging due to variations in its size, location, and similarity in health tissues. Further, early detection of brain tumors plays a vital role in enabling a wider range of treatment options, improvements in survival rate, and patients quality of life with reduced healthcare costs. That’s why there is a need for an automatic, accurate system that can detect brain tumor at an earlier stage with an accurate result. So, in this research article, pretrained modals such as AlexNet, VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, InceptionV3, DenseNet121, and all variants of the EfficientNet model were chosen because of their exceptional performance in tasks like feature extraction and image classification with the capability of detecting anomalies in images. The experiment was done on a publicly available multiclass dataset for brain tumor. Further, before passing the dataset to the model, preprocessing was applied to the dataset in terms of resizing the images to the same size; further images were cropped due to the extra boundaries around the images; noise was removed from the images using the FastNIMeans Denoising colored filter; and a data augmentation technique was applied to reduce the overfitting problem and ensure accurate fast training. On different pretrained deep learning models, the EfficientNetB7 model produced better results in terms of validation accuracy. Further pretrained EfficientNetB7 model were customized by adding a few layers and fine-tuning parameters. Our customized pretrained EfficientNetB7 (CPEB7) model was evaluated in terms of accuracy, loss, precision, sensitivity, specificity, recall, f1-score, and MIOU (mean intersection over union) and the model achieved accuracy of 98.57%, 98.97%, 98.97%, and 99.38% for no, meningioma, pituitary, and glioma tumor classes, respectively. Further, our proposed model achieved an overall accuracy of 98.97% with a 1.02% miss classification rate and MIOU of 95.73%. Further, the proposed model was also evaluated on k-fold cross-validation and achieved 99.097% accuracy on fold-5. This proposed system shows superiority over already existing methods in terms of performance evaluation parameters.

About 1.5 million women are diagnosed with breast cancer every year, making it the most frequent disease among women. In Pakistan, one woman in every nine has a lifetime chance of being diagnosed with breast cancer, making it the country with the highest incidence rate of breast cancer in Asia. The mortality rate from breast cancer in Pakistan was 22.7% in 2020. A lack of resources, such as competent pathologists, causes a delay in diagnosis and inadequate therapy planning, all of which contribute to a dismal survival rate. End-to-end solutions that may be implemented into computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) systems have been developed by medical professionals and researchers using domain-specific artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, most notably deep learning models, to address this critical issue. By increasing the amount of work for pathologists, these AI models may help in breast cancer detection and diagnosis. The goal of this research was to compare and contrast the effectiveness of many recent convolutional neural network (CNN) designs. Five pre-trained and fine-tuned deep CNN architectures, InceptionV3, ResNet152V2, MobileNetV2, VGG-16, and DenseNet-121, are tested to determine the best-performing model. The goal is to discover which models are preferable in terms of accuracy and effectiveness. Notably, the pre-trained InceptionV3 model outperforms the basic CNN model by 9%, with a high accuracy level of 94%. ResNet152V2 got 95% accuracy, and MobileNetV2 got 97% accuracy. The VGG-16 model outperforms the competition with a remarkable 98% accuracy rate. Following suit, the DenseNet-121 model achieves a remarkable 99% accuracy. These findings highlight the utility of deep learning models in the diagnosis of breast cancer as well as the range of model precision.

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of mortality among women worldwide, highlighting the need for efficient histopathology-based screening methods for early diagnosis. This study introduces HistoDX, a deep learning framework to classify Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) using 277,524 histopathology image patches (50x50 pixels) from Paul Mooney’s IDC dataset on Kaggle, comprising No Cancer and IDC(+) classes. HistoDX employs a preprocessing pipeline with normalization, data augmentation, and class balancing via oversampling and weighted loss to address the class imbalance. A customized convolutional neural network, built on EfficientNetV2-B3 with additional layers, achieves 97% accuracy and a 0.91 ROC-AUC score on the test set. Validation on BreakHis (97% accuracy) and BACH (90% accuracy) datasets confirm generalizability, though detecting minority IDC(+) cases remains challenging. Low training and test losses underscore reliability. HistoDX empowers pathologists by enhancing diagnostic efficiency and minimizing subjectivity through effective class imbalance mitigation. Its robust performance across diverse datasets like BreakHis and BACH suggests readiness for clinical integration. Future research into advanced augmentation techniques, ensemble models, and whole-slide image analysis could further optimize accuracy, sensitivity, and scalability, paving the way for broader adoption in precision oncology.

Speech emotion recognition (SER) is an emerging technology that utilizes speech sounds to identify a speaker’s emotional state. Computational intelligence is receiving increasing attention from academics, health, and social media applications. This research was conducted to identify emotional states in verbal communication. We applied a publicly available dataset called RAVDEES. The data augmentation process involved adding noise, applying time stretching, shifting, and pitch, and extracting the features zero cross rate (ZCR), chroma shift, Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC), and a spectrogram. In addition, we used many pretrained deep learning models, such as VGG16, ResNet50, Xception, InceptionV3, and DenseNet121. Out of all of the deep learning models, Xception yielded superior outcomes. Furthermore, we improved performance by changing the Xception model to include hyperparameters and additional layers. We used a variety of performance evaluation parameters to test the proposed model. These included F1-score, accuracy, misclassification rate (MCR), precision, sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, false negative rate, false positive rate, false discovery rate, false omission rate, and false discovery rate. The model that we suggested demonstrated an overall accuracy of 98%, with an MCR of 2%. Additionally, it attained precision, sensitivity, and specificity values of 91.99%, 91.78%, and 98.68%, respectively. Additional models attained an F1-score of 91.83%. Our suggested model demonstrated superiority compared to other cutting-edge techniques