Institutional environmental measures play a fundamental role in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 2023–2027, which primarily focuses on eco-schemes and for which the EU Member States must allocate part of their direct payment budget. The total budget under eco-schemes in the EU is an important part of Pillar I of the CAP 2023–2027. The aim of this study is to determine the capacity of Polish agriculture in ANCs to adopt practices under eco-schemes in the first year (2023) of the CAP 2023–2027. In the international literature, there is an apparent paucity of such analyses conducted for the newly designated ANCs in the EU Member States based on the European Commission’s guidelines under the CAP 2014–2020 and applicable under the CAP 2023–2027. Practices under eco-schemes are now fundamental for EU agriculture, increasing soil fertility, using rational fertilization and, as a result, improving the quality of products offered to consumers. It was pointed out that at this moment in ANCs, the use of eco-schemes is not satisfactory. The conclusions emphasized that in the EU, including Poland, eco-schemes should be implemented by as many farmers as possible, regardless of the size of the farm they have and the natural conditions in which they carry out agricultural production.

The paper discusses the financial situation of two groups of farms. commercial farms and large commercial farms. which differ greatly in terms of their economic size and legal form. On this ground and on the grounds of the volume of projects implemented, an assessment was carried out trying to decide which of the two groups is stable enough for permanent existence and which is in its final stage of operation. A correlation was observed between the volume of agricultural operations and the implemented remuneration for own work and the level of profitability of invested capital. Potential effects of the change in agricultural policies for selected populations were identified. W opracowaniu przeanalizowano sytuację finansową różnych pod względem wielkości ekonomicznej i formy prawnej grup gospodarstw towarowych i wielkotowarowych. Na podstawie tej analizy i wielkości prowadzonych inwestycji dokonano oceny, która z grup gospodarstw ma podstawy do trwałej egzystencji, a która jest schyłkowa. Stwierdzono współzależność pomiędzy rozmiarami działalności rolniczej, a realizowaną opłatą pracy własnej i poziomem zwrotu z zainwestowanego kapitału. Wskazano na potencjalne skutki zmiany polityki rolnej dla wyodrębnionych zbiorowości.

This article proposes the classification of farms of natural persons according to the level of farm income per unit of work of a farmer and farmer's family members. One hour of family labour was adopted as such unit. According to this criterion, farms were divided into three classes. In the first...

The aim of the paper is to evaluate farms growth and development barriers in four of the FADN regions of Poland. Results from analyses of profitability of material factors of production accomplished by production function analysis of individual farms conducting their accounting within the Polish FADN in the year 2006. Marginal incomes of three factors of production: labor, land and capital have been assessed. Then these marginal incomes were compare with unit costs of inputs of these factors setting their profitabilities of increasing each input (marginal profitabilities of each factors of production). Lack of profitabilities were assumed to be main barriers preventing possibilities of growth and development of farms. It was found out inter alia, that there was diversity (both regional and in terms of economic size of farms) of profitability of increasing labor and land inputs and absence of marginal profitability of capital input Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja barier wzrostu i rozwoju gospodarstw rolnych w czterech makroregionach Polski. Wykorzystano w nim wyniki analiz dochodowości materialnych czynników produkcji dokonanych za pomocą analizy funkcji produkcji gospodarstw indywidualnych prowadzących rachunkowość w systemie Polski FADN w 2006 r. Ustalono krańcowe dochodowości trzech czynników produkcji: pracy, ziemi i kapitału. Następnie odniesiono je do jednostkowych kosztów nakładów tych czynników ustalając opłacalność ich zwiększania w gospodarstwach (krańcowe rentowności nakładów poszczególnych czynników produkcji). Brak opłacalności uznano za główną barierę ograniczającą możliwość wzrostu i rozwoju gospodarstw rolnych. Stwierdzono m.in. zróżnicowanie (zarówno regionalne, jak i względem wielkości ekonomicznej gospodarstw) opłacalności zwiększania nakładów pracy i ziemi oraz brak zróżnicowania krańcowej rentowności nakładów kapitału.