The Rocky Desertification area has high sensitivity and poor anti-interference ability in the ecosystem. It is challenging to achieve sustainable development in a rocky desertification area. Given this issue, the System Dynamics model, the Future Land Use Simulation (FlUS) model, the Integrated Valuation and Trade-offs of ESs (InVEST) model, and the Structural Equation Model (SEM) were integrated in this study to analyze future ecosystem service change in Wenshan Prefecture under SSP1-1.9, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios. The following results are obtained. (1) The area of cultivated land, construction land, forest land, and grassland increased in SSP1-1.9; the area of forest land and grassland decreased in SSP2-4.5 scenario and SSP5-8.5 scenario. (2) The water supply (WS), carbon sequestration (CS), and soil conservation power (SDR) under the three different scenarios were improved compared with 2020. Among them, habitat quality (HQ) demonstrated a slight increase trend under the SSP1-1.9 scenario but decreased under the other two scenarios. (3) WS, CS, and HQ exhibited a tradeoff relationship in the three scenarios compared with 2020. (4) In the SSP1-1.9 and SSP2-4.5 scenarios, the synergistic relationships among CS, HQ, SDR, and WS were particularly detected in the northern, southern, and central parts of the study area. Additionally, climate change and vegetation-dominated ecological environment are the main driving mechanisms affecting ES changes. This paper summarizes the spatial differences in the change trend and synergistic tradeoff and lays a crucial scientific foundation for the ecological protection of karst landform areas.

The prefectures and cities along the Yunnan–Vietnam border constitute a key cultural corridor connecting China and ASEAN. Under the dual pressures of globalization and modernization, the regional cultural landscape is undergoing profound structural transformation. This study takes 194 traditional villages and 942 municipal-level and above intangible cultural heritage (ICH) items in Honghe, Wenshan, and Pu’er as the research objects. Kernel density estimation, the standard deviation ellipse, and the gravity center model were employed to identify their spatial distribution patterns, while the spatial mismatch index and GeoDetector were used to examine their spatial coupling relationship and influencing mechanisms. The results indicate the following: (1) traditional villages exhibit a single-core clustered distribution concentrated in the Ailao Mountains-Honghe River Basin of Honghe Prefecture, whereas ICH displays a one-core-two-cluster pattern with relatively weak agglomeration, and the gravity centers of the two heritage systems are separated by 61.21 km; (2) a significant systematic spatial mismatch exists between traditional villages and ICH, with Honghe characterized as a high negative mismatch region, while Pu’er and Wenshan represent positive mismatch regions; (3) their spatial relationship is jointly shaped by nonlinear interactions among natural geographical, socioeconomic, and historical-cultural factors, forming an interaction mechanism dominated by the ecological constraints of hydrothermal conditions and topography together with the spatial organizational effects of border ports and transportation networks. This study reveals the spatial reorganization pattern of cultural heritage elements in the three prefectures and cities along the Yunnan–Vietnam border and provides a scientific basis for the coordinated conservation and spatial optimization of traditional villages and intangible cultural heritage.

Existing studies have mainly focused on either intangible cultural heritage (ICH) or traditional villages separately, while limited attention has been paid to their coupled spatial relationship and influencing mechanisms at the provincial scale. To address this gap, this study investigates the spatial characteristics and influencing factors of 869 national and provincial intangible cultural heritage (ICH) items and 777 traditional villages in Yunnan Province using Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and geographic detector methods. The results indicate significant differences in their spatial distribution patterns: ICH exhibits a “multi-core clustering” structure, whereas traditional villages present a “dual-core clustering with multiple dispersed patches” pattern. The study further reveals a spatial mismatch as well as a significant positive spatial correlation between ICH and traditional villages. Natural environmental conditions and historical-cultural factors jointly shape their spatial differentiation, while socio-economic factors such as urbanization exert a stronger influence on ICH distribution, and demographic and economic conditions more strongly affect traditional villages. This study contributes to the literature by integrating cultural landscape theory with GIS-based spatial analysis to reveal the spatial interaction mechanisms between ICH and traditional villages in Yunnan Province. The findings provide theoretical support and practical implications for cultural heritage conservation, rural revitalization, and territorial spatial planning in ethnically diverse border regions.

Land-use change directly and indirectly affects regional carbon storage by reshaping the composition and function of terrestrial ecosystems, and understanding this process is important for guiding land-use strategies toward carbon neutrality. This study used wilderness mapping to assess wilderness quality in Pu’er City and integrated the FLUS–InVEST model to analyze spatiotemporal changes in land use and carbon storage from 2000 to 2020 and to simulate land-use and carbon-storage outcomes for 2030. Based on the wilderness-mapping results, the study area was divided into four wilderness-quality classes, and four scenarios were established: No Protection, Limited Protection, Moderate Protection, and Strict Protection. From 2000 to 2020, cropland and forestland decreased, whereas grassland, water bodies, and built-up land increased. Carbon storage first increased slightly and then declined, with an overall decrease of approximately 1.87 × 10⁶ Mg C. Relative to the harmonized five-class 2020 FLUS baseline, the 2030 simulations showed a decline of approximately 1.46 × 10⁶ Mg C under the No Protection scenario, whereas the Moderate Protection scenario produced an increase of approximately 0.21 × 10⁶ Mg C. Under the baseline carbon-density parameters, the Moderate Protection scenario yielded the highest estimated total carbon storage among the four scenarios and resulted in a larger simulated built-up land area than the Strict Protection scenario. However, the relatively small difference in estimated total carbon storage between the Moderate and Strict Protection scenarios should be interpreted with consideration of carbon-density uncertainty.