Solid-state fermentation (SSF) was carried out in this study to improve the nutritional digestibility of two types of distilled dried grain with solubles (DDGS) by inoculating probiotic combinations. The fermented DDGS (FDDGS) contained more crude protein, small peptides and total amino acids than did unfermented DDGS. The concentrations of fiber indexes significantly declined after fermentation. The amounts of probiotics, enzymes and organic acids were significantly improved after fermentation. Microscopy revealed that SSF disrupted the surface structure and increased small fragments of DDGS substrate, thereby facilitating in vitro digestibility of FDDGS. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography indicated the breakdown of macromolecular protein and lignocellulose, which contributed to the increase of small peptides and monosaccharides. These findings suggested the great potential of SSF to promote the nutritional quality and digestibility of the two DDGS and to expand their utilization.

The well-dispersive and superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄-nanocrystals (Fe₃O₄-NCs) which could significantly enhance the anodic electrochemiluminescence (ECL) behavior of luminol, were synthesized in this study. Compared to ZnS, ZnSe, CdS and CdTe nanoparticles, the strongest anodic ECL signals were obtained at +1.6 V on the Fe₃O₄-NCs coated glassy carbon electrode. The ECL spectra revealed that the strong ECL resonance energy transfer occurred between luminol and Fe₃O₄-NCs. Furthermore, under the optimized ECL experimental conditions, such as the amount of Fe₃O₄-NCs, the concentration of luminol and the pH of supporting electrolyte, BPA exhibited a stronger distinct ECL quenching effect than its structural analogs and a highly selective and sensitive ECL sensor for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) was developed based on the Fe₃O₄-NCs. A good linear relationship was found between the ECL intensity and the increased BPA concentration within 0.01–5.0 mg/L, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9972. The detection limit was 0.66 × 10⁻³ mg/L. Good recoveries between 96.0% and 105.0% with a relative standard deviation of less than 4.8% were obtained in real water samples. The proposed ECL sensor can be successfully employed to BPA detection in environmental aqueous samples.

Spartina anglica (SA), a plant rich in dietary fiber, has demonstrated considerable potential for enhancing gut health and antioxidant capacity in animals. This study investigates the integration of SA as a novel dietary ingredient for Zhedong white geese, with a specific focus on evaluating its effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant capacity, intestinal health, and cecal microbiota composition. A total of 360 1-day-old Zhedong white geese with an average weight of 114.94 ± 0.81 g were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments, with 6 replicates per treatment and 15 geese per pen. The 4 dietary treatments included different SA supplement levels: a control group receiving a basal diet (CON), and three experimental groups supplemented with 3% SA (SA3), 6% SA (SA6), and 12% SA (SA12). Supplementation with 6% SA significantly enhanced the final body weight, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). In contrast, the SA12 group exhibited reduced digestibility of crude protein and ether extract, relative to the SA3 and SA6 groups (p < 0.05). The highest antioxidant capacity was observed in the SA6 and SA12 groups, while the lowest was recorded in the CON group. SA supplementation did not significantly influence serum biochemical parameters or organ indices but increased cecum length (p < 0.05). Notably, SA supplementation markedly improved intestinal morphology, although excessive levels appeared to compromise these benefits. Additionally, SA supplementation significantly enhanced the richness and diversity of cecal microbiota and increased short-chain fatty acid concentrations. In conclusion, SA at an optimal supplementation level of 6% may be effectively utilized in Zhedong white geese diets to improve growth performance, gut health, and antioxidant capacity.