Pyrolysis as a technique of chemical recycling of plastic materials is causing an increasing level of interest as an environmentally and economically acceptable option for the processing of waste materials. Studies of these processes are carried out under different experimental conditions, in different types of reactors and with different raw materials, which makes the comparison of different processes and the direct application of process parameters quite complex. This paper presents the results of investigation of the influence of temperature in the range of 450°C to 525°C, on the yield of the process of pyrolysis of waste plastics mixture, composed of 45% polypropylene, 35% low density polyethylene and 25% high density polyethylene. Also, this paper presents results of the investigation of the effect of the reaction, atintervals of 30-90 [min], on the yield of pyrolysis of the mentioned waste plastics mixture. Research was conducted in a fixed bed pilot reactor, which was developed for this purpose. The results of the research show that at a temperature of 500°C, complete conversion of raw materials was achieved, for a period of 45 [min], with a maximum yield of the pyrolysis oil of 32.80%, yield of the gaseous products of 65.75% and the solid remains of 1.46%. Afurther increase of temperature increases the yield of gaseous products, at the expense of reducing the yield of pyrolysis oil. Obtained pyrolysis oil has a high calorific value of 45.96 [MJ/kg], and in this regard has potential applications as an alternative fuel.

Biomass is a fuel with a highly volatile content and due to that, pyrolysis as a part of the combustion process, has a dominant role in the overall process development, as well as on final products and the process efficiency. It is of key importance to investigate the influence of the process parameters; as temperature, furnace/reactor environment, fuel properties, type, particle size, geometry, and the structure of the pyrolysis process has an influence regards the design of the combustion/pyrolysis equipment and the final products of the processes. This paper gives some results of the investigation?s related to this problem, mainly focussing on wooden biomass as the most important biomass type, as well as a comparison with relevant documented literature. Besides that, pyrolysis based technologies are one of the key directions in synthetic fuels production based on biomass. Biomass pyrolysis process parameters are crucial in reactor design as well as the quantity and quality of the final products. This paper provides discussion dedicated to this aspect with a focus on slow pyrolysis, targeting charcoal as the key product, and fast pyrolysis, targeting synthetic gas as the key product.

Wood ash is a complex mixture of inorganic and organic compounds. It is heterogeneous in composition, which can vary considerably. Ash is mainly disposed of in landfills, which creates a risk for air, soil and groundwater contamination by trace elements. In order for wood biomass ash to be used as a secondary raw material, it is necessary to perform leaching tests, to determine which microelements it contains, and which of them could be released into the environment during the ash disposal. Sequential extraction (SE) showed that in the exchangeable and carbonate fraction, the most volatile metals As, Cd, Zn and Pb are released the most from the ash of deciduous trees, while the leaching of ash from coniferous trees is significantly lower. The evaluation of risk assessment code (RAC) for the tested biomass ash samples, indicates that Pb is a high-risk leaching element due to its condensation on the ash particles. By performing toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) tests, it was established that the released concentrations of tested metals are below the maximum allowable concentration, given by the regulation. The leaching tests of composites, prepared from wood ash in combination with cement, indicate that the leaching of ash is reduced to a minimum, and that all heavy metals are bound in a cement matrix, which indicates the possibility of using wood ash for construction purposes.

Bosnia and Herzegovina have significant physical potential regarding to renewable energy sources. Hydro, biomass, geothermal, wind, and solar potential can play important role in the whole state economy. Bosnia and Herzegovina is Non-Annex I country according to UNFCCC and according to that it is obligated to participate in the global efforts in order to reduce green house gases emission. This paper gives some analysis of the physical, technological, economic, and market potential of renewable energy sources in Bosnia and Herzegovina and their potential role in mitigation of climate changes. Paper also gives the analysis of the potential connections between renewable energy sources and sustainable development of the economy, taking in to consideration specific political structure of the state. Bosnia and Herzegovina is consisting from two entities: Republic of Srpska and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Brcko District; energy sector and climate changes mitigation measures are under their jurisdiction. According to that some of this paper results can be useful for the improvement of entity and state strategies with the final aim to place renewable energy sources on the right position, as some of the major economy drivers, not only in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but in whole region.

Energy Chains Optimization for Selection of Sustainable Energy Supply | InTechOpen, Published on: 2016-06-30. Authors: Srđan Vasković, Petar Gvero, Vlado Medaković, et

The process of optimizing energy production is becoming increasingly important with the development and use of RES and energy efficiency measures. Given that these are optimization processes that require taking into account several indicators according to which the set of optimal technologies for energy production will be ranked, and take their percentage share in the total percentage of energy supply. Indicators describing the process of energy production and utilization include technological, environmental, economic, energy, and limiting domains of their application. From that aspect, when the energy supply process is optimized from several possible alternatives according to the optimization factors defined in this way and the percentage of participation from each is calculated, a very realistic picture of the optimal energy mix of a state or local community is obtained. In this paper, a comparison of the energy mix for Copenhagen, Denmark and Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina is made. The process of comparing energy mixes was made possible by a previously developed mathematical model for optimizing and searching for an optimal energy mix based on the compromise ranking method, also known as the VIKOR, as well as entropy and analytic hierarchy process methods for defining weight values of criteria describing energy mix. Since we know that the introduction of new RES and the replacement of fossil fuels with them is a process of transition of existing energy sectors, the approach presented in this paper would greatly facilitate the transition process itself.