The O‐chain polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of a previously nonclassified strain of Proteus mirabilis termed G1 was studied by sugar analysis and ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, including 2D COSY, TOCSY, rotating‐frame NOE (ROESY), H‐detected ¹H,¹³C HMQC, and heteronuclear multiple‐bond correlation (HMBC) experiments. The following structure of the polysaccharide was established:where d‐GalA6(l‐Lys) stands for N^α‐(d‐galacturonoyl)‐ l‐lysine.The structure of the O‐polysaccharide of P. mirabilis G1 is similar, but not identical, to that of P. mirabilis S1959 and OXK belonging to serogroup O3. Immunochemical studies with P. mirabilis G1 and S1959 anti‐(O‐polysaccharide) sera revealed close LPS‐based serological relatedness of P. mirabilis G1 and S1959, and therefore it was suggested to classify P. mirabilis G1 in serogroup O3 as a subgroup. P. mirabilis G1 and S1959 anti‐(O‐polysaccharide) sera also cross‐reacted with LPS of␣P. mirabilis strains from two other serogroups containing␣d‐GalA6(l‐Lys) in the O‐polysaccharide or in the core region.

Over the past decade, a group of lymphocyte-like cells called innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) has gained considerable attention due to their crucial role in regulating immunity and tissue homeostasis. ILCs, lacking antigen-specific receptors, are a group of functionally differentiated effector cells that act as tissue-resident sentinels against infections. Numerous studies have elucidated the characteristics of ILC subgroups, but the mechanisms controlling protective or pathological responses to pathogens still need to be better understood. This review summarizes the functions of ILCs in the immunology of infections caused by different intracellular and extracellular pathogens and discusses their possible therapeutic potential.

O-Polysaccharides were obtained from the lipopolysaccharides of Proteus mirabilis CCUG 10704 (OE) and Proteus vulgaris TG 103 and studied by chemical

In the years 2006–2011, 617 Proteus spp. strains isolated mostly from urine and wounds or other clinical sources were collected in Łódź, Poland, to determine the offensive O serotypes frequently occurring among patients. P. mirabilis exhibited the most intensive swarming growth and was dominating species (86.9%), followed by P. genomospecies, P. vulgaris, and P. penneri. Ninety four per cent strains were recognized as S (smooth) forms. Serological studies (involving ELISA—enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting using native and adsorbed rabbit antisera) enabled classification of 80% S isolates into respective Proteus O serogroups among the 83 ones, described so far. The remaining strains seemed to be serologically unique. Despite the observed big serological variety of Proteus spp. isolates, we found the O78 serogroup recently described in Poland as dominating and identified other widespread serotypes: O3, O6, O10, O11, O27, O28, and O30 reported earlier as predominating also in other countries; O77 and O79 detected lately in Poland; O16, O18, O20, and O50. No unique structural feature of the prevalent O serotypes has been indicated. However, the prevalence of some O serogroups indicates that particular serotypes may be in some ways beneficial to the strains producing these kinds of O antigen.