To develop an advanced anode for lithium-ion batteries, the electrochemical performance of a novel material comprising a porous artificial carbon (PAC)–Si composite was investigated. To increase the pore size and surface area of the composite, ammonium bicarbonate (ABC) was introduced during high-energy ball-milling, ensuring a uniform distribution of silicon within the PAC matrix. The physical and structural properties of the developed material were evaluated using several advanced techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and galvanostatic intermittent titration (GITT). Artificial graphite contains several macropores that can accommodate volume hysteresis and provide effective sites for anchoring Si nanoparticles, enabling efficient electrochemical reactions. GITT analysis revealed that the PAC-Si-CB-ABC composite exhibited superior lithium-ion diffusion compared to conventional graphite. The developed PAC(55%)-Si(45%)-CB-ABC electrode with PAA as the binder demonstrated a reversible capacity of 850 mAh g⁻¹ at 100 mA g⁻¹ and a high-rate capability of 600 mAh g⁻¹ at 2000 mA g⁻¹. A full cell employing the NCM622 cathode exhibited reversible cyclability of 128.9 mAh g⁻¹ with a reasonable energy density of 323.3 Wh kg⁻¹. These findings suggest that the developed composite is a useful anode system for advanced lithium-ion batteries.

Aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ARZIBs) are potential candidates for grid-scale energy storage applications. In addition to its reversible chemistry in aqueous electrolytes, Zn metal is stable in water and air. However, there are critical challenges, such as non-uniform plating, hydrogen evolution, corrosion, and the formation of a passivation layer, which must be addressed before practical applications. In this study, the surface of Zn metal was coated with room-temperature bulk liquid-metal and liquid-metal nanoparticles to facilitate the uniform plating of Zn–ions during cycling. A simple probe ultrasonication method was used to prepare the liquid-metal nanoparticles, and a nanoparticle suspension film was formed through spin coating. At an areal capacity and current density of 0.5 mAh cm⁻² and 0.5 mA cm⁻², respectively, symmetric cells composed of bare Zn metal electrodes were prone to short-circuiting after ~45 h of deposition/striping cycles. However, under the same operating conditions, symmetric cells employing the room-temperature liquid-metal-coated electrodes operated stably for more than 500 h. Compared to the symmetric cell with bare Zn, the symmetric cell with the bulk liquid-metal coated electrode exhibited a significant reduction in the initial nucleation barrier, with respective values of 113.2 and 10.1 mV. Electrochemical characterization of practical full cells also showed significant improvements in the capacity and cycling performance derived from the room-temperature liquid-metal coating.