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Visitation to parks will change with increasing climate changes. We examined how place attachment may influence different types of climate-induced displacement at both the park and park system level. Previous research suggests that visitors who have greater place attachment to parks within a system may be more likely to tolerate changed environmental conditions before they are displaced from the system entirely or change their choice of park or time of visit within it. Our study, based on the Vermont State Parks system (U.S.), used an on-site visitor questionnaire to examine potential system, spatial, and temporal displacements resulting from ranges of five regionally specific probable manifestations of climate change. As hypothesized, we found that those with lower place attachment were more likely to be displaced. Specifically, these visitors would be more likely to shift their visitation to more southern and lower elevation parks to avoid increased rainfall, earlier/later in the season to avoid higher day or night time temperatures, and out of the park system entirely with more days above 90 F or biting insects. Our approach to examining climate change, place attachment, and displacement has relevance for considering how these three areas impact tourism and visitor use management, as well as utility for managers of these destinations.
Elizabeth E. Perry; Xiao Xiao; John M. Nettles; Tatiana A. Iretskaia; Robert E. Manning. Park Visitors’ Place Attachment and Climate Change-related Displacement: Potential Shifts in Who, Where, and When. Environmental Management 2021, 68, 73 -86.
AMA StyleElizabeth E. Perry, Xiao Xiao, John M. Nettles, Tatiana A. Iretskaia, Robert E. Manning. Park Visitors’ Place Attachment and Climate Change-related Displacement: Potential Shifts in Who, Where, and When. Environmental Management. 2021; 68 (1):73-86.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElizabeth E. Perry; Xiao Xiao; John M. Nettles; Tatiana A. Iretskaia; Robert E. Manning. 2021. "Park Visitors’ Place Attachment and Climate Change-related Displacement: Potential Shifts in Who, Where, and When." Environmental Management 68, no. 1: 73-86.
Parks and protected areas (PPAs) are facing complex, transboundary, social, and ecological pressures, including those related to visitor use. Effective visitor use management (VUM) in PPAs requires interdisciplinary thinking across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Yet, the majority of this VUM research is short-term and occurs at relatively discrete spatial scales. A few existing frameworks and conceptual models used in VUM encourage thinking across scales. No single, interdisciplinary conceptual model exists, however, despite longstanding recognition of the need for one. This need was highlighted as a research priority by PPA and VUM subject area experts from across the U.S. at a workshop at Clemson University in 2018. This manuscript draws from the discussions at that workshop and addresses this recognized need. We propose and describe a single multi-scalar conceptual model that integrates topical areas in PPA VUM. Thoughtful, multi-scalar research that transcends disciplines is essential to address contemporary issues across VUM topics. The proposed model and the subsequent discussion are meant to serve as a catalyst for VUM researchers to begin considering both spatial and temporal scales in their PPA-based inquiries.
Elizabeth Perry; Jennifer Thomsen; Ashley D’Antonio; Wayde Morse; Nathan Reigner; Yu-Fai Leung; Jeremy Wimpey; B. Taff. Toward an Integrated Model of Topical, Spatial, and Temporal Scales of Research Inquiry in Park Visitor Use Management. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6183 .
AMA StyleElizabeth Perry, Jennifer Thomsen, Ashley D’Antonio, Wayde Morse, Nathan Reigner, Yu-Fai Leung, Jeremy Wimpey, B. Taff. Toward an Integrated Model of Topical, Spatial, and Temporal Scales of Research Inquiry in Park Visitor Use Management. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (15):6183.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElizabeth Perry; Jennifer Thomsen; Ashley D’Antonio; Wayde Morse; Nathan Reigner; Yu-Fai Leung; Jeremy Wimpey; B. Taff. 2020. "Toward an Integrated Model of Topical, Spatial, and Temporal Scales of Research Inquiry in Park Visitor Use Management." Sustainability 12, no. 15: 6183.
Climate change poses great risks to winter tourism, and snowmobiling is one of the most vulnerable recreation activities under changing climate conditions. Research on climate change and winter tourism primarily focuses on how the winter season changes in different emission scenarios. Little is known about tourists' demands of winter tourism activities under climate change and related adaptation behaviors, especially for snowmobilers. This study collects data from snowmobilers in Vermont Association of Snow Travelers (VAST), and compares local and non-local snowmobilers’ preferences for snowmobiling conditions, perceptions about climate change on VAST trails, and adaptation behaviors to varying scenarios of climate change. Results indicate that the quality of snowmobiling is influenced by four factors (i.e., trail encounters, trail scenic views, trail accessibility/connectivity, and trail feature diversity). Whereas non-local snowmobilers have a higher desirability for the diversity of trail features than local snowmobilers, local snowmobilers are more sensitive to climate change conditions than non-local snowmobilers. Moreover, study results suggest that local snowmobiling markets are more vulnerable than non-local snowmobiling markets to future climate change scenarios. Study findings provide land managers guidance for maintaining high quality snowmobiling experiences and adaptation planning strategies for local and non-local snowmobiling markets under future climate change scenarios.
Xiao Xiao; Elizabeth E. Perry; Jie Gao; Junyu Lu; Robert Manning. Winter tourism and climate change: Exploring local and non-local snowmobilers’ perceptions of climate change and adaptation behaviors. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 2020, 31, 100299 .
AMA StyleXiao Xiao, Elizabeth E. Perry, Jie Gao, Junyu Lu, Robert Manning. Winter tourism and climate change: Exploring local and non-local snowmobilers’ perceptions of climate change and adaptation behaviors. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism. 2020; 31 ():100299.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiao Xiao; Elizabeth E. Perry; Jie Gao; Junyu Lu; Robert Manning. 2020. "Winter tourism and climate change: Exploring local and non-local snowmobilers’ perceptions of climate change and adaptation behaviors." Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 31, no. : 100299.
Advances in GPS technology have facilitated efficient collection of spatiotemporal data of visitor travel patterns. However, analyses of these data has evolved at a slower rate. In particular, past analyses typically have not analyzed temporal variations to understand how visitor travel patterns change with time. It is necessary to understand spatial variations of temporally segmented data to gain insight into the dynamic nature of visitor behavior, because change is a function of time. Therefore, this manuscript focuses on elements of this critical co-analysis and advocates for incorporating richer temporal analysis at various scales to gain a fuller understanding of visitor travel patterns. The researchers guided this work using the concept of “time-geography” to evaluate day-visitors’ travel patterns at Cumberland Island National Seashore. Data were collected using GPS data loggers and analyzed by conducting kernel density analyses of temporally-segmented data, and then visitors’ temporal allocation within seven management zones were compared using a One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a Bonferroni Post Hoc test. Results reveal that visitor use at Cumberland Island is heavily concentrated, transient, and are dependent on location of attraction sites as a function of time from ferry disembarkment. The analysis also identified the most frequented management zones and the length of stay within each zone. These methods and results contribute an illustrative example to the importance of analyzing temporal patterns in conjunction with spatial patterns. Lastly, this research revealed the punctuated rhythm of visitor spatiotemporal behavior when stringently constrained by time.
Brian A. Peterson; Elizabeth Perry; Matthew T.J. Brownlee; Ryan Sharp. The transient nature of concentrated use at a national park: A spatiotemporal investigation into visitor behavior. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 2020, 31, 100310 .
AMA StyleBrian A. Peterson, Elizabeth Perry, Matthew T.J. Brownlee, Ryan Sharp. The transient nature of concentrated use at a national park: A spatiotemporal investigation into visitor behavior. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism. 2020; 31 ():100310.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrian A. Peterson; Elizabeth Perry; Matthew T.J. Brownlee; Ryan Sharp. 2020. "The transient nature of concentrated use at a national park: A spatiotemporal investigation into visitor behavior." Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 31, no. : 100310.
Camera-based data collection and image analysis are integral methods in many research disciplines. However, few studies are specifically dedicated to trends in these methods or opportunities for interdisciplinary learning. In this systematic literature review, we analyze published sources (n = 391) to synthesize camera use patterns and image collection and analysis techniques across research disciplines. We frame this inquiry with interdisciplinary learning theory to identify cross-disciplinary approaches and guiding principles. Within this, we explicitly focus on trends within and applicability to environmental conservation social science (ECSS). We suggest six guiding principles for standardized, collaborative approaches to camera usage and image analysis in research. Our analysis suggests that ECSS may offer inspiration for novel combinations of data collection, standardization tactics, and detailed presentations of findings and limitations. ECSS can correspondingly incorporate more image analysis tactics from other disciplines, especially in regard to automated image coding of pertinent attributes.
Coleman L. Little; Elizabeth E. Perry; Jessica P. Fefer; Matthew T. J. Brownlee; Ryan L. Sharp. An Interdisciplinary Review of Camera Image Collection and Analysis Techniques, with Considerations for Environmental Conservation Social Science. Data 2020, 5, 1 .
AMA StyleColeman L. Little, Elizabeth E. Perry, Jessica P. Fefer, Matthew T. J. Brownlee, Ryan L. Sharp. An Interdisciplinary Review of Camera Image Collection and Analysis Techniques, with Considerations for Environmental Conservation Social Science. Data. 2020; 5 (2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleColeman L. Little; Elizabeth E. Perry; Jessica P. Fefer; Matthew T. J. Brownlee; Ryan L. Sharp. 2020. "An Interdisciplinary Review of Camera Image Collection and Analysis Techniques, with Considerations for Environmental Conservation Social Science." Data 5, no. 2: 1.
Throughout the United States, many institutions of higher education own forested tracts, often called school forests, which they use for teaching, research, and demonstration purposes. These school forests provide a range of benefits to the communities in which they are located. However, because administration is often decoupled from research and teaching, those benefits might not always be evident to the individuals who make decisions about the management and use of school forests, which may undervalue their services and put these areas at risk for sale, development, or over-harvesting to generate revenue. To understand what messages are being conveyed about the value and relevance of school forests, we conducted a systematic literature review and qualitatively coded the resulting literature content using an ecosystem services framework. While school forests provide many important benefits to academic and local communities, we found that most of the existing literature omits discussions about cultural ecosystem services that people may receive from school forests. We discuss the implications of this omission and make recommendations for addressing it.
Kimberly J. Coleman; Elizabeth E. Perry; Dominik Thom; Tatiana M. Gladkikh; William S. Keeton; Peter W. Clark; Jr. Ralph E. Tursini; Kimberly F. Wallin. The Woods around the Ivory Tower: A Systematic Review Examining the Value and Relevance of School Forests in the United States. Sustainability 2020, 12, 531 .
AMA StyleKimberly J. Coleman, Elizabeth E. Perry, Dominik Thom, Tatiana M. Gladkikh, William S. Keeton, Peter W. Clark, Jr. Ralph E. Tursini, Kimberly F. Wallin. The Woods around the Ivory Tower: A Systematic Review Examining the Value and Relevance of School Forests in the United States. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (2):531.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKimberly J. Coleman; Elizabeth E. Perry; Dominik Thom; Tatiana M. Gladkikh; William S. Keeton; Peter W. Clark; Jr. Ralph E. Tursini; Kimberly F. Wallin. 2020. "The Woods around the Ivory Tower: A Systematic Review Examining the Value and Relevance of School Forests in the United States." Sustainability 12, no. 2: 531.
Perry, E. E., D. H. Krymkowski, and R. E. Manning. 2019. Brokers of relevance in National Park Service urban collaborative networks. Ecology and Society 24(4):3. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-11124-240403
Elizabeth E. Perry; Daniel H. Krymkowski; Robert E. Manning. Brokers of relevance in National Park Service urban collaborative networks. Ecology and Society 2019, 24, 1 .
AMA StyleElizabeth E. Perry, Daniel H. Krymkowski, Robert E. Manning. Brokers of relevance in National Park Service urban collaborative networks. Ecology and Society. 2019; 24 (4):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElizabeth E. Perry; Daniel H. Krymkowski; Robert E. Manning. 2019. "Brokers of relevance in National Park Service urban collaborative networks." Ecology and Society 24, no. 4: 1.
Place-based Ecology Education (PBEE) has emerged as a compelling approach to achieving the sustainability goals of Environmental Education (EE), including helping children understand, care about, and take action to protect the environment. Collaboration for teacher training can amplify and expand the reach and effectiveness of PBEE within a given geographic region. This case study of a collaborative of five PBEE professional development organizations provided a noteworthy example of collective evaluation. The primary data source was quantitative and qualitative analysis of 156 survey responses from K-12 classroom teachers, administered from 2016 to 2018 in the Upper Valley region of New Hampshire and Vermont. On average, teachers reported medium-sized (Cohen’s d 0.4 to 0.6), statistically significant changes over the prior year for all six PBEE core practices measured. Teacher responses to open-ended survey items suggested that PBEE often involves coordination between and contribution from multiple players with different roles but similar goals. Cross tabulation with quantitative results suggested that collaboration within schools was a central factor associated with high levels of PBEE practice.
Michael Duffin; Elizabeth E. Perry. Regional Collaboration for Sustainability via Place-Based Ecology Education: A Mixed-Methods Case Study of the Upper Valley Teaching Place Collaborative. Education Sciences 2018, 9, 6 .
AMA StyleMichael Duffin, Elizabeth E. Perry. Regional Collaboration for Sustainability via Place-Based Ecology Education: A Mixed-Methods Case Study of the Upper Valley Teaching Place Collaborative. Education Sciences. 2018; 9 (1):6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael Duffin; Elizabeth E. Perry. 2018. "Regional Collaboration for Sustainability via Place-Based Ecology Education: A Mixed-Methods Case Study of the Upper Valley Teaching Place Collaborative." Education Sciences 9, no. 1: 6.
“Parknerships” (park partnerships) are an innovative means of enhancing people’s connections with conserved spaces and stories, drawing on the combined strengths of multiple organizations. As a specific type of collaboration, a parknership is focused among parks-related organizations sharing common goals of building positive experiences for individuals, the community, and the environment. The need for parknerships is heightened in complex settings like urban areas, and with national organizations concerned with local relevance, such as the National Park Service (NPS). Although parknerships have emerged as a crucial mode of local connection and are increasingly highlighted in park guidance, scant information exists on what mechanisms contribute to their long-term, multi-effort success. We seek to address this by investigating what elements contribute to a sustainable and successful parknership. To frame this inquiry, we drew from the concept of relevance and framework of collective impact. Using semi-structured interviews (n = 14) with NPS and partners in the San Francisco Bay Area (an urban area with rich cultural diversity and long environmental history), we elicited understanding of sustainable parknerships. Participants emphasized the importance of the parknerships’ context, process, and goal. Consideration of these intersectional themes may be critical to sustainable, relevance-related collaborations among parknerships.
Elizabeth E. Perry; Lydia A. Kiewra; Meghan E. Brooks; Xiao Xiao; Robert E. Manning. “Parknerships” for Sustainable Relevance: Perspectives from the San Francisco Bay Area. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1577 .
AMA StyleElizabeth E. Perry, Lydia A. Kiewra, Meghan E. Brooks, Xiao Xiao, Robert E. Manning. “Parknerships” for Sustainable Relevance: Perspectives from the San Francisco Bay Area. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (5):1577.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElizabeth E. Perry; Lydia A. Kiewra; Meghan E. Brooks; Xiao Xiao; Robert E. Manning. 2018. "“Parknerships” for Sustainable Relevance: Perspectives from the San Francisco Bay Area." Sustainability 10, no. 5: 1577.
National parks are an important manifestation of the United States’ democratic ideal and attract more than 300 million visits annually. However, racial/ethnic minorities are substantially underrepresented among visitors, and this has led to three hypotheses—marginality, subculture, and discrimination—designed to help explain this pattern of visitation. Moreover, research suggests that the awareness of and visitation to national parks may relate to several variables, including race/ethnicity, socio-economic characteristics, and childhood visitation history. To investigate these issues, an online general population survey of New York City residents was conducted. Study findings suggest that (1) racial/ethnic minorities are underrepresented at some types of parks but not others, (2) Hispanics and Blacks generally have lower rates of awareness about national parks than Whites, and (3) awareness and childhood visitation history significantly affect visitation to national parks. These findings suggest potential approaches to enable and encourage diverse racial/ethnic groups to engage with national parks.
Xiao Xiao; Robert Manning; Elizabeth Perry; William Valliere. Public Awareness of and Visitation to National Parks by Racial/Ethnic Minorities. Society & Natural Resources 2018, 31, 908 -924.
AMA StyleXiao Xiao, Robert Manning, Elizabeth Perry, William Valliere. Public Awareness of and Visitation to National Parks by Racial/Ethnic Minorities. Society & Natural Resources. 2018; 31 (8):908-924.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiao Xiao; Robert Manning; Elizabeth Perry; William Valliere. 2018. "Public Awareness of and Visitation to National Parks by Racial/Ethnic Minorities." Society & Natural Resources 31, no. 8: 908-924.
Climate change has potential to substantially affect the availability and quality of snow and thus has potential to affect snow-dependent winter recreation activities. Research has shown that participants in these recreation activities are adapting to climatically changed conditions and are likely to continue to adapt in the future. This study explores these issues as they apply to snowmobiling in Vermont, identifying a suite of climate change manifestations, investigating their salience to the snowmobiler recreation experience, and assessing how these manifestations may impact the snowmobile participation rate and quality of experience. Climate change manifestations are informed by climate change models, helping to define the future conditions and supply of snowmobiling opportunities. Social science research on how snowmobilers may adapt to these changing conditions helps define the future demand for snowmobiling. We conducted an online survey of snowmobilers in Vermont, asking respondents if and how they would change the amount of snowmobiling they do in response to climate change manifestations that may impact snowmobiling conditions. Study findings suggest that the amount of snowmobiling in Vermont is already declining and that these declines are likely to become more substantial. For example, 44.7% of respondents have noticed declines in the length of the winter season during which there is enough snow to snowmobile, and 30.7% of respondents have decreased their amount of snowmobiling in response. Moreover, study data define the future relationship between climate-related changes in snowmobiling conditions and changes in amount of snowmobiling. For example, with 150 days of adequate snow cover, the amount of snowmobiling will increase 36.9%, but with 25 days of adequate snow cover, the amount of snowmobiling will decrease 44%. The length of season threshold for participation in snowmobiling is estimated at 79 days; more than 79 days will cause snowmobiling to increase from current levels, and fewer than 79 days will cause a decrease. Given the climate change sensitivity of snowmobiling found in this study, along with the predictions of climate models for Vermont, snowmobiling may ultimately be unsustainable. This will decrease the benefits of snowmobiling, including the enjoyment of locals and tourists who participate in the sport, the economic contributions, and the culture of the state. Substitution of other winter season recreation activities is a potential adaptation to declining opportunities for snowmobiling.Subscribe to JPRA
Elizabeth Perry; Robert Manning; Xiao Xiao; William Valliere; Nathan Reigner. Social Climate Change: The Advancing Extirpation of Snowmobilers in Vermont. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 2018, 36, 31 -51.
AMA StyleElizabeth Perry, Robert Manning, Xiao Xiao, William Valliere, Nathan Reigner. Social Climate Change: The Advancing Extirpation of Snowmobilers in Vermont. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration. 2018; 36 (2):31-51.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElizabeth Perry; Robert Manning; Xiao Xiao; William Valliere; Nathan Reigner. 2018. "Social Climate Change: The Advancing Extirpation of Snowmobilers in Vermont." Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 36, no. 2: 31-51.
Climate change is an increasingly important issue in Vermont and around the world, and has implications for many forms of outdoor recreation. The scientific and professional literature is illustrative of the ways participants in a number of outdoor recreation activities are adapting to climate change, including the ways in which these adaptations are likely to increase in the future. This study explores these issues as they apply to visiting Vermont state parks. Climate change models developed in the physical and natural sciences offer insights into future climate-related scenarios in the Vermont state parks (thereby helping to define the supply of state park recreation opportunities). We used social science to complement these models by examining how visitors may adapt to these changing conditions (thereby helping to define the demand for recreation in the state parks). We conducted an on-site survey of visitors to three representative state parks, describing a range of climate changerelated recreation conditions and asking respondents how they would adapt. Three types of adaptations were included in the study: 1) changes in the amount of use, 2) changes in the spatial and temporal patterns of use, and 3) changes in recreation activities. Study findings suggest that most climate-related changes included in the study will: 1) decrease the amount of use; 2) shift substantial amounts of use to more northerly parks and parks at higher elevations, and shift use to earlier and later in the conventional state park season; and 3) shift participation among the 10 recreation activities included in the study, though the pattern of these shifts is complex. Study findings suggest that visitors are likely to make substantial adaptations in their use of the Vermont state parks in response to climate change, and that state park management will also have to adapt accordingly.Subscribe to JPRA
Elizabeth Perry; Robert Manning; Xiao Xiao; William Valliere. Multiple Dimensions of Adaptations to Climate Change by Visitors to Vermont State Parks. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 2018, 36, 13 -30.
AMA StyleElizabeth Perry, Robert Manning, Xiao Xiao, William Valliere. Multiple Dimensions of Adaptations to Climate Change by Visitors to Vermont State Parks. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration. 2018; 36 (2):13-30.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElizabeth Perry; Robert Manning; Xiao Xiao; William Valliere. 2018. "Multiple Dimensions of Adaptations to Climate Change by Visitors to Vermont State Parks." Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 36, no. 2: 13-30.
This article examined coastal resident attitudes and behavioral intentions associated with new marine reserves (MRs) in Oregon, as well as resident perceived similarity and trust in the lead managing agency (Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife). Data were obtained from a survey of residents along the Oregon coast (n = 596). Most residents perceived moderate similarity and trust in the agency, had stronger attitudes toward potential advantages of MRs, and would vote in support for the establishment of these reserves. Those living nearest the reserves had the most positive attitudes and were most supportive. Residents who perceived themselves as similar to the agency were more likely to trust this agency, and those with higher trust had stronger attitudes toward advantages of MRs and less agreement with disadvantages of the reserves. Residents with stronger attitudes toward advantages were most likely to vote for MRs, whereas those who agreed with disadvantages were less supportive.
Elizabeth Perry; Mark D. Needham; Lori A. Cramer. Coastal Resident Trust, Similarity, Attitudes, and Intentions Regarding New Marine Reserves in Oregon. Society & Natural Resources 2016, 30, 315 -330.
AMA StyleElizabeth Perry, Mark D. Needham, Lori A. Cramer. Coastal Resident Trust, Similarity, Attitudes, and Intentions Regarding New Marine Reserves in Oregon. Society & Natural Resources. 2016; 30 (3):315-330.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElizabeth Perry; Mark D. Needham; Lori A. Cramer. 2016. "Coastal Resident Trust, Similarity, Attitudes, and Intentions Regarding New Marine Reserves in Oregon." Society & Natural Resources 30, no. 3: 315-330.
The demographic composition of the United States is increasingly diverse, but racial/ethnic minority groups are substantially underrepresented in visiting national parks. Transportation is needed to provide access to national parks but may not be equally accessible to all groups in society. This study uses a general population survey of New York City residents to examine the role of transportation in visiting national parks by three racial/ethnic groups (Hispanic, Black, and White). Principle study variables were perceived barriers to visiting national parks and the importance of transportation-related incentives in encouraging visits to national parks. Study results identified three categories of barriers: comfort and safety, expense, and accessibility; Hispanics perceive higher levels of barriers than do Whites and Blacks. Transportation incentives may increase national park visitation, especially by Hispanics. Survey findings partially support the marginality and discrimination hypotheses, and suggest potentially effective strategies to increase park visitation by minority racial/ethnic groups.
Xiao Xiao; Elizabeth Perry; Robert Manning; Daniel Krymkowski; William Valliere; Nathan Reigner. Effects of Transportation on Racial/Ethnic Diversity of National Park Visitors. Leisure Sciences 2016, 39, 126 -143.
AMA StyleXiao Xiao, Elizabeth Perry, Robert Manning, Daniel Krymkowski, William Valliere, Nathan Reigner. Effects of Transportation on Racial/Ethnic Diversity of National Park Visitors. Leisure Sciences. 2016; 39 (2):126-143.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiao Xiao; Elizabeth Perry; Robert Manning; Daniel Krymkowski; William Valliere; Nathan Reigner. 2016. "Effects of Transportation on Racial/Ethnic Diversity of National Park Visitors." Leisure Sciences 39, no. 2: 126-143.
Elizabeth Perry; Xiao Xiao; Robert E. Manning. Barrier or bridge? The role of transportation in national park visitation by racial and ethnic groups. World Leisure Journal 2015, 57, 173 -184.
AMA StyleElizabeth Perry, Xiao Xiao, Robert E. Manning. Barrier or bridge? The role of transportation in national park visitation by racial and ethnic groups. World Leisure Journal. 2015; 57 (3):173-184.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElizabeth Perry; Xiao Xiao; Robert E. Manning. 2015. "Barrier or bridge? The role of transportation in national park visitation by racial and ethnic groups." World Leisure Journal 57, no. 3: 173-184.
This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/ocean-and-coastal-management/.This article examines resident proximity and attachment to a new system of marine reserves in\ud Oregon (USA), and the extent that these factors are related to both self-assessed and factual\ud knowledge about these reserves. Data were from a survey of residents along the Oregon coast (n\ud = 596). Residents reported higher self-assessed than factual knowledge about these reserves,\ud which was low with 65% answering half or fewer of 16 factual questions correctly. Self-assessed\ud and factual knowledge did not differ between communities proximate to (i.e., communities of\ud place within 10 miles of these reserves) and more distant from these reserves (i.e., rest of coast).\ud Factual knowledge also did not differ based on attachment to these areas, but place attachment\ud was slightly related to aspects of self-assessed knowledge where those with higher attachment\ud believed they were somewhat more knowledgeable about these reserves. Implications of these\ud results for management and research are discussed
Elizabeth Perry; Mark D. Needham; Lori A. Cramer; Randall S. Rosenberger. Coastal resident knowledge of new marine reserves in Oregon: The impact of proximity and attachment. Ocean & Coastal Management 2014, 95, 107 -116.
AMA StyleElizabeth Perry, Mark D. Needham, Lori A. Cramer, Randall S. Rosenberger. Coastal resident knowledge of new marine reserves in Oregon: The impact of proximity and attachment. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2014; 95 ():107-116.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElizabeth Perry; Mark D. Needham; Lori A. Cramer; Randall S. Rosenberger. 2014. "Coastal resident knowledge of new marine reserves in Oregon: The impact of proximity and attachment." Ocean & Coastal Management 95, no. : 107-116.