Optimisation of shading devices in buildings is a broadly investigated topic; however, most studies only focus on a single façade orientation, since the observed buildings are typically located in high latitude regions. However, in tropical regions, optimisation of all façade orientations is required due to the relatively high solar radiation and long sunshine duration. While adaptive shading devices are a promising solution, they are not without disadvantages, and as such a combination of adaptive shading devices and a fixed shading device shall be considered. This research therefore aims to design the optimum internal shading devices on four façade orientations of a high-rise office building in a tropical city, considering fixed and adaptive shading design options, and to determine the impact on annual daylight performance using computational modelling and simulation. The simulation is carried out under: (1) fixed design option, focusing on the numbers and width of slats; and (2) adaptive design option, focusing on the slat angle on various conditions. It is found that both sDA_300/50% and ASE_1000,250 are only influenced by the orientation. Under the fixed design option, the sDA_300/50% and ASE_1000,250 targets can be achieved only on the north and south façades, and accordingly the adaptive design option shall be implemented on the east and west façades. Overall, this study contributes to knowledge regarding the optimisation of shading devices in high-rise buildings in the tropics, considering the daylight admission from the four cardinal orientations.

Behavioural adaptation is a fundamental factor in thermal comfort. Clothing insulation, opening windows, and integrating cooling systems within buildings are key to ensuring thermal comfort while conserving energy. This study collected behavioural adaptation data from 3000 Indonesian adults who regularly worked indoors. The results indicate that the thermal acceptability is in a similar range for all groups separated by residence space type despite the dominant thermal conditioning measure in each group is different. Based on ISO 9920, the typical clothing ensembles were determined for each group, and their clo-values were estimated. Office workers tended to wear more garments than factory workers, while at home, people wear light clothes. Therefore, the estimated clo-value in home are much lower compare to the workplaces clo-value. Clo-value in the workplaces with AC tends to show a higher value compared to naturally ventilated building. Clo-value for female is also higher than male. In general, AC usage in the office was higher than in factories and homes. Females tends to use more AC than Males. These differences reflect variety of socioeconomic and cultural aspects in public and private in Indonesia.