Myeloid cells are critically involved in the pathophysiology of cancers. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), they comprise tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), neutrophils (TANs), dendritic cells and myeloid-derived suppressors cells, which are further subdivided in a monocytic and granulocytic subset. Some of these myeloid cells, in particular TAMs and TANs, are divided into type 1 or type 2 cells, according to the paradigm of T helper type 1 or type 2 cells. Type 1 activated cells are generally characterized as cells that aid tumor rejection, while all other myeloid cells are shown to favor tumor progression. Moreover these cells are often at the basis of resistance to various therapies. Much research has been devoted to study the biology of myeloid cells. This endeavor has proven to be challenging, as the markers used to categorize myeloid cells in the TME are not restricted to particular subsets. Also from a functional and metabolic point of view myeloid cells share many features. Finally, myeloid cells are endowed with a certain level of plasticity, which further complicates studying them outside their environment. In this article, we challenge the exclusive use of cell markers to unambiguously identify myeloid cell subsets in the TME. We further propose to divide myeloid cells according to their pro- or antitumor function into myeloid regulatory or stimulatory cells, as we contend that for therapeutic purposes it is not targeting of cell subsets but rather targeting their protumor traits and therefore myeloid regulatory cells that will push antitumor immunotherapy to the next level.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are similar in importance to transcription factors and critical to confer accuracy and robustness in gene expression programs and consequently, have emerged as controllers of the immune response. On the other hand, probiotic influence over immune responses against a wide spectrum of health conditions are widely studied but the mechanism for this modulation has not yet completely elucidated. One proposed mechanism involves the receptor-mediated interaction of dendritic cells with components of the cellular membrane and/or secreted peptides of probiotics ending with the production of cytokines. However, the cytokine response elicited by dendritic cells is largely strain-dependent, and not to the same extent. The signaling pathway involved must be tightly regulated in order to be precise and effective; proteins as TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) and Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 3 (IRAK3 or IRAKM) participate in an important way in the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, which is the main cascade activated in response to probiotics. These proteins can be regulated by miRNAs and alter the immune outcome. This review discusses the current understanding on the participation of miRNAs modulating the TLR2/NF-κB pathway in the innate immune response mediated by probiotics.

El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es analizar la evidencia existente sobre la relación de la microbiota oral con el establecimiento y progresión de enfermedad periodontal y diabetes. La microbiota es un ecosistema de microorganismos que se encuentran en nuestro organismo, donde aproximadamente más de 700 bacterias diferentes se encuentran en la cavidad bucal, y su disbiosis da inicio a características clínicas sumado con otros factores sistémicos y locales. En los últimos años se ha analizado la composición de la microbiota como firma biológica como estados de salud o enfermedad. La enfermedad periodontal se considera de origen multifactorial y su mecanismo etiopatogénico se basa en la disbiosis oral. La relación bidireccional de la periodontitis con pacientes de enfermedades endocrinas como la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 contribuye a perpetuar un estado inflamatorio que por consecuencia ocasiona la pérdida de tejidos periodontales de soporte.

Los terceros molares presentan variaciones en sus posiciones, lo que puede complicar su extracción quirúrgica. Para predecir esta dificultad, se han desarrollado diversas clasificaciones, escalas e índices. Se revisaron estudios publicados entre 2012 y 2024 en PubMed, Scielo, Elsevier y Redalyc, enfocados en herramientas para predecir la dificultad quirúrgica. Se compararon las clasificaciones de Winter, Pell y Gregory, Sánchez Torres; la Escala Modificada de Romero Ruíz, el Índice de Pederson, Koerner y el ¨Nuevo Índice de Dificultad para la Exodoncia de Terceros Molares Mandibulares Impactados¨. Estas herramientas utilizan parámetros como angulación y profundidad para evaluar la dificultad. Aunque las radiografías periapicales y panorámicas son útiles para la planificación quirúrgica, presentan limitaciones. Sin embargo, proporcionan una base sólida para la evaluación de la dificultad quirúrgica en la extracción de terceros molares.