Background/Objectives: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has persistently low survival rates. While advanced airway management (AAM) is crucial during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, optimal timing remains unclear. This study examined the association between early AAM and clinical outcomes in adult OHCA patients. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed Korean nationwide OHCA registry data (August 2019–December 2022). Adult patients with emergency medical service-treated OHCA of presumed medical origin receiving AAM were included. Early AAM was defined as airway placement within 5 min of CPR initiation. Time-dependent propensity score matching controlled for selection bias and time-related confounding. Structural equation modeling examined associations between AAM timing and other prehospital interventions. Primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge with good neurological recovery (cerebral performance category 1–2). Results: Among 51,869 patients receiving AAM, 27,591 received early AAM and 24,278 received delayed AAM. After propensity score matching, 12,014 patients were included per group with balanced characteristics. Early AAM was associated with higher prehospital return of spontaneous circulation (11.8% vs. 10.5%; adjusted RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.12–1.29) and favorable neurological recovery (5.8% vs. 5.1%; adjusted RR 1.12, 95% CI 1.01–1.23). AAM timing correlated with timing of other critical interventions, including rhythm analysis and epinephrine administration. Conclusions: Early AAM within 5 min of CPR initiation was associated with improved neurological outcomes and increased prehospital ROSC in OHCA. Airway timing may indicate overall resuscitation quality, emphasizing the importance of coordinated, timely prehospital interventions.

Background and Objectives: Fever in patients who have suffered an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has been linked to poor clinical outcomes, as a fever can exacerbate neurological damage, increase metabolic demands, and trigger inflammatory responses. This study evaluates the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak and associated fevers on OHCA outcomes and examines how they can worsen patient prognosis. Materials and Methods: Our retrospective observational analysis used data from the National Emergency Department Information System (NEDIS), comprising adult OHCA patients at 402 EDs in Korea between 27 January and 31 December 2020 (COVID-19 pandemic period) and the corresponding period in 2019 (pre-COVID-19). The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality, with the COVID-19 outbreak as the main exposure variable and fever as an important interaction variable. We employed multilevel multivariate logistic regression with an interaction term (year of visit × fever) to examine the effects of COVID-19 and fever on mortality. Risk-adjusted mortality rates were calculated, and a difference-in-difference analysis evaluated the impact of COVID-19 on excess mortality by fever status. Results: During COVID-19, in-hospital mortality was higher among OHCA patients compared to the pre-pandemic period (adjusted OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.11–1.34), particularly among febrile patients (adjusted OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.24–1.59). Interaction analysis revealed that COVID-19 disproportionately increased mortality in febrile OHCA patients compared with non-febrile patients (difference-in-difference: 0.8%, 95% CI 0.2–1.5). Conclusions: Our study found that the COVID-19 pandemic significantly increased mortality among OHCA patients, with febrile patients experiencing disproportionately worse outcomes due to systemic delays and pandemic-related disruptions.

Background/Objectives: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is associated with high mortality, and outcomes may be influenced by underlying conditions such as cancer, hypertension (HTN), and diabetes mellitus (DM). This study aimed to evaluate whether HTN and DM modify the effects of post-resuscitation treatments—specifically targeted temperature management (TTM) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)—on survival and neurological recovery in OHCA patients with a history of cancer. Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from the Korean national OHCA registry between January 2018 and December 2021. Adults aged ≥18 years with presumed cardiac-origin OHCA and a documented history of cancer—defined as any prior cancer diagnosis recorded in medical records regardless of remission status—were included. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine associations between treatment and outcomes, and interaction effects were assessed using adjusted p-values to account for multiple testing. Results: Among the 124,916 EMS-assessed OHCA cases, 4115 patients met the inclusion criteria. TTM and PCI were both statistically associated with good neurological recovery (TTM: adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12–2.55; p < 0.05; PCI: aOR, 11.35; 95% CI, 7.98–16.14; p < 0.05). In interaction analyses, the benefit of TTM and PCI for achieving good neurological recovery was attenuated in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM; TTM: aOR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.23–1.49; PCI: aOR, 4.94; 95% CI, 2.69–9.06) and hypertension (HTN; TTM: aOR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.49–1.82; PCI: aOR, 7.47; 95% CI, 4.48–12.44), with adjusted p-values < 0.05 for all interactions. Conclusions: In OHCA patients with a history of cancer, TTM and PCI are associated with improved survival and neurological outcomes. However, the presence of comorbidities such as HTN and DM may attenuate these benefits. These findings support the need for individualized post-resuscitation care strategies that account for comorbid conditions.