The SARS-CoV-2-induced disease, COVID-19, remains a worldwide public health concern due to its high rate of transmission, even in vaccinated and previously infected people. In the endemic state, it continues to cause significant pathology. To elu- cidate the viral mutational changes and screen the emergence of new variants of concern, we conducted this study in Bangladesh. The viral RNA genomes extracted from 25 ran- domly collected samples of COVID-19-positive patients from March 2021 to February 2022 were sequenced using Illumina COVID Seq protocol and genomic data processing, as well as evaluations performed in DRAGEN COVID Lineage software. In this study, the percentage of Delta, Omicron, and Mauritius variants identified were 88%, 8%, and 4%, respectively. All of the 25 samples had 23,403 A>G (D614G, S gene), 3037 C>T (nsp3), and 14,408 C>T (nsp12) mutations, where 23,403 A>G was responsible for increased transmis- sion. Omicron had the highest number of unique mutations in the spike protein (i.e., sub- stitutions, deletions, and insertions), which may explain its higher transmissibility and immune-evading ability than Delta. A total of 779 mutations were identified, where 691 substitutions, 85 deletions, and 3 insertion mutations were observed. To sum up, our study will enrich the genomic database of SARS-CoV-2, aiding in treatment strategies along with understanding the virus’s preferences in both mutation type and mutation site for predicting newly emerged viruses’ survival strategies and thus for preparing to coun- teract them.

At the base of skull in occipital bone, there is a large oval opening called the foramen magnum through which the cranial cavity communites with the vertebral canal. The squamous part of the occipital bone makes up the posterior portion of foramen magnum, while the basilar part makes up the anterior portion. A cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January to December of 2022, to observe sexual dimorphism of foramen magnum in a Bangladeshi population. One hundred and twenty dry adult human occipital bone was collected for the measurement of the foramen magnum. We adopted convenient purposive sampling technique. However, occipital bone having fractured or if a part of occipital bone was missing or incomplete occipital bone was excluded to construct standard measurement. Measurements were done by using digital Vernier slide calipers. The length of the foramen magnum in male was greater than that of female; the difference was statistically significant (34.47±0.84mm vs. 32.83±0.96mm; p<0.001). The width of the foramen magnum was greater in male than that of female; the difference was statistically significant (29.01±1.23mm vs. 27.43±0.82mm; p<0.001). CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:74-77

Endosteal diameter at the surgical neck of the humerus is a very important parameter in shoulder arthroplasty in terms of designing its prosthesis. A cross-sectional, analytical study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Bangladesh, from January to December of 2019, to observe the gender variation of the endosteal diameter of the surgical neck of the humerus in the adult Bangladeshi population through digital radiographic analysis. This study was performed by analyzing digital radiographs of left shoulder joint of 100 subjects (50 male and 50 female) attending the Radiology & Imaging of the same institution (aged between 26 and 49 years). They were selected based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria by adopting convenient purposive sampling method. After taking digital x-ray, those images were transferred to a computer. Diameter from those radiographs were then measured by using computer software named ‘MB-Ruler’. The mean endosteal diameters of the surgical neck of the humerus among Bangladeshi male and female were found 18.21±2.25 mm and 15.07±2.20 mm respectively. The range of the endosteal diameter at the surgical neck of the humerus was from 14.29 mm to 26.83 mm in male and from 8.94 mm to 19.35 mm in female. The mean value was higher in male comparing to its female counterpart (p<0.001). CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:76-80

The SARS-CoV-2 induced disease, COVID-19 is a worldwide public health concern with a rapid transmission, pathogenicity, and mortality rate. To elucidate the viral mutational changes and screening the emergence of new variants of concern, we conducted this study in Bangladesh. The viral RNA genome was sequenced using Illumina COVID Seq protocol and genomic data processing and evaluation was performed in DRAGEN COVID Lineage software. Variant analysis revealed that the number of Delta, Omicron and Mauritius variants identified were 88%, 8%, and 4%, respectively. All of the 25 samples had 23403A>G (D614G, S gene), 3037 C>T (nsp3) and 14408 C>T (nsp12) mutations, where 23403 A>G was responsible for increased transmission. Omicron had the highest number of unique mutations in spike protein (i.e., substitutions, deletions and insertions) which may explain its more transmissibility and immune evading ability than Delta. A total of 779 mutations were identified where 691 substitution, 85 deletion and 3 insertion mutations were observed. To sum up, our study will enrich the genomic database of SARS-CoV-2, aiding treatment strategy along with understanding the virus’s preferences in both mutation type and site for predicting newly emerged virus’s survival strategy and thus for being prepared to counteract them.