Motivated by the successful printing of a computer-generated hologram using the computer-to-film (CtF) graphic process, we present a further refined technique with increased resolution, applicable in security. The CtF process offers low cost and fast production while persevering high resolution, and it can make every hologram unique. In this paper, we present the improvement of the printing method, with several software modifications and the implementation of security features at different levels of production.

Directed by successfully manufacturing the computer-generated hologram (CGH) using the computer-to-film (CtF) process, we present, to the best of our knowledge, a new method for low-cost and fast hologram manufacturing. This new method allows for advances in the CtF process and manufacturing using new techniques in hologram production. These techniques include computer-to-plate, offset printing, and surface engraving utilizing the same CGH calculations and prepress. With an advantage in cost and the possibility to be mass manufactured, the aforementioned techniques combined with the presented method have a solid foundation to be implemented as security elements.

Perceived photorealism in architectural 3D rendering is not determined solely by physical accuracy or rendering complexity but also by a limited set of visual cues that observers rely on when judging realism. This literature review synthesizes findings from 41 peer-reviewed studies spanning perception science, computer graphics, and immersive visualization, with the aim of identifying the cues that most strongly contribute to perceived photorealism in rendered scenes. Convergent evidence from psychophysical experiments, user studies in virtual and augmented reality, and rendering-oriented analyses indicate that six cue categories consistently dominate realism judgments. Across the reviewed literature, realism judgments depend less on scene complexity or the number of visual elements and more on the consistency and plausibility of these cues for supporting inferences about shape, material, and spatial layout. These findings suggest that photorealism emerges from the alignment of the rendered image structure with perceptual expectations learned from real-world visual experience. The implications for architectural visualization workflows and directions for future research on cue interactions and perceptual thresholds are discussed.

Laser engraving technology is increasingly prevalent in the graphics engineering industry due to its speed, precision, and capacity for individualization. This method is widely used for decorative metalwork, metal packaging, and signage, providing high-quality aesthetic results on various surfaces. This study investigates the impact of different laser engraving parameters, such as speed, hatching, frequency, and power, on the colorimetric properties of steel surfaces. The experiments were conducted using a fiber laser with a power of 30W and a wavelength of 1064 nm on polished steel plates measuring 20 x 20 cm with a thickness of 4 mm. Engraved samples, each measuring 5 x 5 mm, were produced, with laser parameters varied for each sample. After engraving, each sample was analyzed under a microscope and measured using a spectrometer to accurately determine colorimetric values, offering precise quantification and analysis. The results indicate that engraving speed significantly affects the depth and intensity of color, with lower speeds allowing deeper oxidation and more saturated colors. Increased laser power generates greater heat, resulting in more vibrant color tones. The frequency and pulse duration of the laser influence energy distribution and heating patterns, with shorter pulses producing precise changes in colorimetric properties and longer pulses causing deeper alterations. The hatching pattern also affects the colorimetric properties due to variations in heat distribution and energy absorption. High temperatures are critical for color formation as they facilitate the oxidation process, where the oxide layer's thickness and composition determine the final color. These findings enable designers and technicians in the graphics engineering industry to control the aesthetic aspects of steel engraving with greater precision. Moreover, the results of this study could be utilized to develop software for the automatic adjustment of engraving parameters to achieve desired color images on steel surfaces. Such software would significantly enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of laser engraving processes, offering new possibilities for creative applications in the design of metal packaging and signage. By integrating these insights, the graphics industry can achieve more consistent and high- quality outcomes, driving innovation and expanding the potential uses of laser engraving technology.

This study presents a novel technological framework that integrates web-based 3D modeling and digital prototyping into interdisciplinary design education. Addressing the gap between traditional theoretical assessment and modern industry demands, the research investigates the implementation of interactive micro-websites and high-fidelity 3D product models as standard deliverables. Using a quasi-experimental design, the proposed digital workflow was tested on 53 final-year graphic design students at the University of Zagreb, divided into three groups based on the end users of their digital prototypes: real industry clients, peers, or academic mentors. The systemic reliability of the technological framework was measured through the technical quality of the final output (grades) analyzed via ANOVA, while user engagement with the digital process was tracked longitudinally. Results indicate that the implemented technological pipeline produced consistently high-quality outputs across all cohorts, with the client-facing group achieving the highest technical scores (M = 4.37; SD = 0.57). The lack of statistically significant variance between groups highlights a “ceiling effect,” demonstrating that the structured digital workflow itself is operationally stable and ensuring top-tier technical performance and prepress accuracy regardless of the evaluator. The study concludes that integrating advanced 3D web technologies and interactive public deliverables into the curriculum provides a scalable, industry-aligned technological model that successfully prepares design engineers for complex professional environments.

This systematic review examined the use and perceptual validation of four full-reference image quality metrics—HDR-VDP-2, LPIPS, DISTS, and SSIM—in computer-generated and rendered imagery. Among 283 included studies, SSIM was reported in 228 (80.6%) and LPIPS in 147 (51.9%), whereas HDR-VDP-2 and DISTS appeared in four each (1.4%). Only 23 studies (8.1%) included relevant human or subjective evaluation, and 13 (4.6%) directly tested metric–human agreement. Neural rendering, novel-view synthesis, and 3D reconstruction accounted for 175 studies (61.8%). Metric–human agreement varied with content, artifact type, alignment, viewing conditions, and perceptual task, while cue-specific evidence was uneven. The review therefore identifies a clear gap between metric adoption and perceptual validation. Metric selection should be matched to the rendering attribute, reference image, viewing conditions, and perceptual question.