Soil fungi play an integral and essential role in maintaining soil ecosystem functions. The understanding of altitude variations and their drivers of soil fungal community composition and diversity remains relatively unclear. Mountains provide an open, natural platform for studying how the soil fungal community responds to climatic variability at a short altitude distance. Using the Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technique, we examined soil fungal community composition and diversity among seven vegetation types (dry valley shrub, valley-mountain ecotone broadleaved mixed forest, subalpine broadleaved mixed forest, subalpine coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest, subalpine coniferous forest, alpine shrub meadow, alpine meadow) along a 2582 m altitude gradient in the alpine–gorge region on the eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Ascomycota (47.72%), Basidiomycota (36.58%), and Mortierellomycota (12.14%) were the top three soil fungal dominant phyla in all samples. Soil fungal community composition differed significantly among the seven vegetation types along altitude gradients. The α-diversity of soil total fungi and symbiotic fungi had a distinct hollow pattern, while saprophytic fungi and pathogenic fungi showed no obvious pattern along altitude gradients. The β-diversity of soil total fungi, symbiotic fungi, saprophytic fungi, and pathogenic fungi was derived mainly from species turnover processes and exhibited a significant altitude distance-decay pattern. Soil properties explained 31.27−34.91% of variation in soil fungal (total and trophic modes) community composition along altitude gradients, and the effects of soil nutrients on fungal community composition varied by trophic modes. Soil pH was the main factor affecting α-diversity of soil fungi along altitude gradients. The β-diversity and turnover components of soil total fungi and saprophytic fungi were affected by soil properties and geographic distance, while those of symbiotic fungi and pathogenic fungi were affected only by soil properties. This study deepens our knowledge regarding altitude variations and their drivers of soil fungal community composition and diversity, and confirms that the effects of soil properties on soil fungal community composition and diversity vary by trophic modes along altitude gradients in the alpine–gorge region.

Soil fungi play an indispensable role in maintaining soil ecosystem functions. However, how forest succession and soil depth interactively shape fungal community composition and diversity remains poorly understood. To address this, we investigated fungal communities across four successional stages and two soil depths (0–10 cm and 40–60 cm) in a subalpine forest on the eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau using Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Results showed that the soil fungal community composition of different trophic modes varied significantly with both succession and soil depth. The α-diversity of symbiotic and saprotrophic fungi responded to succession in a depth-dependent manner, while β-diversity across all trophic modes was primarily driven by species turnover. Soil properties and vegetation factors collectively explained 69.85–82.91% of the variation in soil fungal community composition, with their effects being dependent on both soil depth and trophic mode. Specifically, in topsoil, the β-diversity of symbiotic fungi was influenced only by soil property heterogeneity, whereas that of saprotrophic and pathogenic fungi was shaped by both vegetation and soil property heterogeneity. In subsoil, symbiotic fungal β-diversity was co-regulated by vegetation and soil properties heterogeneity, while saprotrophic fungal β-diversity was driven solely by soil properties heterogeneity. This study demonstrates that soil depth modulates the successional dynamics of soil fungal communities and highlights the trophic-dependent drivers of fungal assembly in forest soils.

Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) can reflect the balance of resource allocation and trade-offs, as well as the adaptability of plants to the environment. Alterations in environmental conditions across an elevation gradient may impact the carbon balance within leaves. Nonetheless, it remains highly uncertain whether the effect of elevation on NSCs differs among species and sexes. To reveal the response patterns of leaf NSCs in dioecious plants with elevation, Populus cathayana Rehd. and Hippophae rhamnoides L., distributed at four elevations in the subalpine region of western Sichuan, China, were selected, and female and male leaves were sampled and measured for their contents of NSCs, soluble sugar, and starch. Meanwhile, the relationships of NSCs, soluble sugar, and starch with leaf nitrogen and phosphorus were analyzed. The results showed that the elevational patterns of NSCs were mainly dependent on species and were slightly affected by sex. Leaf NSCs in both sexes of P. cathayana did not exhibit significant linear changes, whereas those in H. rhamnoides increased significantly and linearly with elevation. For P. cathayana, a significant increase in leaf starch with elevation was only found in female plants and may benefit from phosphorus deficiency, as it was significantly negatively correlated with phosphorus. However, leaf soluble sugar and starch between sexes of H. rhamnoides showed similar patterns of significant increases with elevation, and they were not correlated significantly with nitrogen and phosphorus. This might be due to H. rhamnoides, which is a nitrogen-fixing plant and thereby did not show deficiencies or limitations in nitrogen and phosphorus, as shown by the decreased or unchanged elevational patterns of nitrogen/phosphorus, starch/phosphorus, and soluble sugar/phosphorus. Overall, our results emphasize that species, rather than sex, is an important factor influencing the elevational pattern of NSCs, but for specific species, such as P. cathayana, in this study, there was a divergence in the elevational response of the allocation of starch and soluble sugar between sexes, reflecting the specific adaptive strategies of different plant species or sexes in response to changes in the growing environment.