The findings regarding trace element concentrations in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and healthy controls are inconsistent, and therefore, we determined to gather them in the form of a review to further indicate the need for more advanced knowledge development. In our study, we reviewed articles and studies that involved the topics of micronutrient and metal associations with the occurrence and development of type 2 diabetes. We mainly included works regarding human-based studies, but with limited research results, animal-based research was also taken into account. With some newer studies, we reached for initial assumptions of previous statements. The results indicated that higher serum levels of lead, cadmium, arsenic, bromine, barium, strontium, nickel, aluminum, calcium, copper, and ferritin are positively associated with diabetic prevalence. Both too-low and too-high levels of zinc, selenium, and magnesium may be connected to the development of diabetes. Chromium has the capability of insulin response modulation, with enhanced insulin-cell binding, and thus, lower serum levels of chromium can be found in diabetic patients. There are contradictory discoveries regarding manganese. Its supplementation can possibly cease the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. On the contrary, other studies reported that there is no such connection. Our work indicates that, as micronutrients play a significant role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, more research regarding their bodily homeostasis and type 2 diabetes should be conducted.

Mucinous ovarian tumors (MOTs) include primary and secondary neoplasms, the latter of which contribute for 80% of all cases. The most common site of origin for secondary MOTs is the gastrointestinal tract. Proper differentiation between primary and metastatic lesions is essential for effective treatment. Currently, definitive diagnosis is made based on post-operative histopathological examination with the use of immunohistochemical markers. However, the final diagnosis presents a challenge because of the histopathological similarity between mucinous metastases and primary ovarian lesions. Generally, treatment consists of cytoreductive surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy, even though malignant tumors are found to be chemo-resistant. Prognosis depends on the type of the tumor, presence of metastases and patient’s general condition. Further research on the genetic background of MOTs is necessary for the better understanding of their origin and more effective treatment. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the field of the molecular features of MOTs and their implications for the diagnostic pathways and potential adjuvant therapy options. The analysis of molecular alterations might not only be an important prognostic factor, but also a useful diagnostic tool in distinguishing between primary mucinous tumors and extra-ovarian metastases or other subtypes of epithelial ovarian neoplasms. Moreover, the examination of genetic mutations seems to increase the efficiency of targeted therapy. However, more research evaluating such therapies in pre-clinical models is needed to improve the results of the diagnostics and treatment of MOTs.

Mesothelin (MSLN) is a cell surface glycoprotein with limited expression in normal tissues but frequent overexpression in solid tumors, including gynecological malignancies. This review summarizes the state of the art on the biological role, diagnostic value, prognostic significance, and therapeutic potential of MSLN in ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancers. Evidence from clinical and experimental studies indicates that MSLN contributes to tumor progression through interactions with CA125, promotion of cell adhesion and peritoneal metastasis, activation of oncogenic signaling pathways, modulation of immune responses, and development of chemoresistance. Elevated MSLN expression has been associated with advanced clinical stage of the disease, platinum resistance, and poorer survival outcomes, particularly in ovarian cancer patients, although prognostic findings remain inconsistent. Circulating soluble MSLN may serve as a minimally invasive biomarker and may improve diagnostic accuracy when combined with established markers. Therapeutic MSLN strategies—antibody-drug conjugates, CAR-T and NK cell therapies, monoclonal antibodies, immunotoxins, vaccines, and checkpoint blockade—provide promising pre-clinical and early clinical results, particularly in resistant or recurrent forms of the disease. Overall, MSLN constitutes a promising target for precision oncology in gynecological cancers, although further clinical studies are required to validate its diagnostic utility and optimize targeted therapeutic approaches.

Introduction: Creatine (N-methylguanidinoacetic acid) is a peptide built of three amino acids: glycine, arginine and methionine. Its function is to store energy. It is common practice to intake creatine as a dietary supplement. Because of that, we decided to try to answer the question if there are scientifically documented advantages of creatine supplementation. Review method: We analyzed the newest research conducted from 2017 to 2024. The studies were searched in online databases like PubMed and Google Scholar. We focused on the impact of creatine supplementation on the ageing population, professional athletes, the course of some diseases, cognitive functions and body composition Results: Creatine supplementation is beneficial in professional sports. There are some signals that creatine may worsen lung conditions in sportsmen. In the ageing population, creatine supplementation boosts the results of resistance training on ageing muscle performance. There are suggestions that in this population bone geometry changes due to a combination of training and creatine supplementation may be protective against hip fracture. Creatine can also enhance cognitive functions as well as lead to positive changes in body composition. Supplementation of creatine seems to reduce symptoms of long COVID-19. It may be also beneficial among children with dermatomyositis and patients with ischemic heart disease. Conclusions: Creatine supplementation may be beneficial in some populations. It can also enhance cognitive functions as well as lead to changes in body composition. Some effects of creatine supplementation are still controversial and further investigation is needed to determine its usefulness. Keywords: creatine, body composition, long COVID-19, ageing population, professional sport, cognitive functions, dermatomyositis, ischemic heart disease

Introduction: In our work, we decided to connect physical activity and hydrotherapy as well as explore the impact of water-based physical activity on human organisms. We focused on the effects on physiology and body development. We also analysed studies that research aquatics activity as a method of treatment. We aim to present scientific evidence about using in-water activity in prevention and rehabilitation. Results: Physical activity in water has a beneficial influence on the cardiorespiratory system and can be used for both prevention and rehabilitation. It is well-tolerated among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease even if physical comorbidities are present. Swimming can be used as a rehabilitation and even one form of asthma treatment in the paediatric population. Swimming can improve insulin sensitivity, glucose control and reduce biomarkers of endothelial activation. There is data suggesting that the water environment exercises benefit patients with rheumatological diseases like ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia and osteoarthritis. A positive impact was observed on the population suffering from ADHD and autism spectrum disorder. The diving by the Bathysmed® protocol seems to decrease symptoms of PTSD. Research conducted on the paediatric population shows that swimming training can benefit motor development. There were no observed impacts of aquatics on IgA levels. In contrast to that swimming can improve the level of TNFα and HSP70. Conclusions: Recent studies show a positive influence on human development, physiology, and the course of some diseases. They suggest that aquatics can be used as a form of preventing, rehabilitating and even treatment of some illnesses. The conclusions from recent studies need to be confirmed in further research because of their limitations.