Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease causing damage to the macular region of the retina where most of the photoreceptors responsible for central visual acuity are located. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small single-stranded non-coding RNA molecules that negatively regulate genes by silent post-transcriptional gene expressions. Previous studies have shown that changes in specific miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of eye diseases, including AMD. Altered expressions of miRNAs are related to disturbances of regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, angiogenesis, apoptosis and phagocytosis, which are known factors in the pathogenesis of AMD. Moreover, dysregulation of miRNA is involved in drusen formation. Thus, miRNAs may be used as potential molecular biomarkers for the disease and, furthermore, tailoring therapeutics to particular disturbances in miRNAs may, in the future, offer hope to prevent irreversible vision loss. In this review, we clarify the current state of knowledge about the influence of miRNA on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of AMD. Our study material consisted of publications, which were found in PubMed, Google Scholar and Embase databases using “Age-related macular degeneration”, “miRNA”, “AMD biomarkers”, “miRNA therapeutics” and “AMD pathogenesis” as keywords. Paper search was limited to articles published from 2011 to date. In the section “Retinal, circulating and vitreous body miRNAs found in human studies”, we limited the search to studies with patients published in 2016–2021.

Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (HH) is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycaemia in infants and children with incidence estimated at 1 per 50,000 live births. Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is symptomatic mostly in early infancy and the neonatal period. Symptoms range from ones that are unspecific, such as poor feeding, lethargy, irritability, apnoea and hypothermia, to more serious symptoms, such as seizures and coma. During clinical examination, newborns present cardiomyopathy and hepatomegaly. The diagnosis of CHI is based on plasma glucose levels <54 mg/dL with detectable serum insulin and C-peptide, accompanied by suppressed or low serum ketone bodies and free fatty acids. The gold standard in determining the form of HH is fluorine-18-dihydroxyphenyloalanine PET ((18)F-DOPA PET). The first-line treatment of CHI is diazoxide, although patients with homozygous or compound heterozygous recessive mutations responsible for diffuse forms of CHI remain resistant to this therapy. The second-line drug is the somatostatin analogue octreotide. Other therapeutic options include lanreotide, glucagon, acarbose, sirolimus and everolimus. Surgery is required in cases unresponsive to pharmacological treatment. Focal lesionectomy or near-total pancreatectomy is performed in focal and diffuse forms of CHI, respectively. To prove how difficult the diagnosis and management of CHI is, we present a case of a patient admitted to our hospital.

Corneal transplantation is the most effective treatment for corneal blindness. Standard planned keratoplasties have a high success rate. Conditions such as active inflammation at the time of surgery, the presence of ocular surface disease, previous graft disease, or neovascularization make them more susceptible to rejection. These are so-called high-risk corneal transplantations. In our study, we selected 52 patients with a higher risk of graft rejection. A total of 78 procedures were performed. The main indications for the first keratoplasty were infections (59.6%) and traumas (21.2%). Visual acuity (VA) significantly improved from 2.05 logMAR on the day of keratoplasty to 1.66 logMAR in the latest examination (p = 0.003). An analysis of the graft survival showed a 1-year survival of 54% and a 5-year survival of 19.8% of grafts. The mean observation time without complications after the first, second, and third surgery was 23, 13, and 14 months, respectively. The best results were noted among patients with infectious indications for keratoplasty (p = 0.001). Among them, those with bacterial infection had the best visual outcomes (p = 0.047).

Introduction: Exposure to blue light throughout the day plays a key role in maintaining the balance of our biological functions. It has a profound impact on our physical and mental state, including the visual system, and contributes to the regulation of behavior and circadian rhythms. The relationship between light emitted by digital devices, the biological rhythm of the retina and the development of refractive errors has been the subject of research in recent years. Aim of Study: This manuscript aims to investigate the implications of light exposure from digital devices on the visual system and circadian rhytms, with a focus on understanding the associated risks, such as digital eye strain and myopia progression. Additionally, the study evaluates the efficacy of blue light-filtering lenses in mitigating these effects. Material and Methods: The present study is based on literature available in scientific databases such as PubMed, Corchane Library and Google Scholar, using the following keywords ,,Digital devices”; ,, Blue light” ; Digital eye strain” ; Visual system”; ,,Circadian rhythms”Results and conclusions: Despite the prevalent use of blue light-filtering lenses, existing evidence indicates that their effectiveness in improving visual performance or preventing retinal damage is limited. Consequently, the implementation of protective strategies, such as the 20-20-20 rule, combined with appropriate ergonomic practices, is critical in alleviating the ocular strain induced by extended screen exposure.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness globally, affecting mainly individuals over 55 years old. Diagnosis typically involves dilated fundus examination and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Artificial intelligence (AI) shows promising results in the field of medicine. Machine learning, especially deep learning, creates models capable of processing complex data, such as images, videos, speech, and audio. The aim of this review was to establish the utility of AI in the screening and management of AMD. Pubmed and Google Scholar databases were searched using the keywords. Original articles in English, published between 2017-2024 were included. Articles that did not meet the selected criteria were excluded. Machine learning technologies have demonstrated encouraging outcomes in detection, staging, progression prediction, differentiation, and treatment efficacy assessment. AI-based screening has the potential to identify asymptomatic patients at an early stage who require further investigation by an ophthalmologist. Diagnostic accuracy and clinical management can be enhanced by selecting patients requiring more frequent evaluation and medical interventions. However, further investigations are necessary to fully establish the utility of AI in future clinical practice. Keywords: artificial intelligence AI machine learning deep learning age-related macular degeneration AMD

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was evaluation of the efficacy and the rate of complication of a foldable sutureless scleral-fixated intraocular lens (SSF-IOL), named Carlevale IOL, for the treatment of aphakia without sufficient capsular support due to trauma or complicated cataract surgery. Methods: Retrospective, consecutive interventional case series. All consecutive eyes with secondary implantation of aphakic SSF-IOL were considered. The primary outcomes were as follows: best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refractive error (RE), and intraocular pressure (IOP). Secondary outcome was the occurrence of intraoperative and postoperative complications. Results: SSF-IOL was performed in 21 eyes of 21 patients (7 men and 14 women) with mean age of 74 years (range from 36 to 90 years). The mean follow-up time was 11.4 months. VA improved significantly (p = 0.0007) from 0.38 logMAR at baseline to 0.11 logMAR at the final follow-up. BCVA improved in 18 patients, remained equal in 2 cases, and worsened in 1 case. Mean postoperative RE was −0.83 Diopters (D) (Median = −0.50 D, SD = 1.05 D) and it was less than 1D in 61.9% of patients. Mean IOP at the end of the follow-up was 15.78 mmHg (ranged from 10 to 22 mmHg, SD = 3.65). In one patient a vitreous hemorrhage was observed intraoperatively, but it resolved spontaneously. Postoperative complications included one case of cystoid macular edema and one case of epiretinal membrane. Conclusions: Carlevale SSF-IOL implantation seems to be an effective and safe procedure, ensuring good visual outcomes with a low rate of complication in eyes indicated for secondary IOL implantation.