Inguinal hernia repair (IHR) is a common surgical procedure among neonates and infants; the time of surgery is one of the major factors affecting its outcomes. Our systematic review aims to evaluate the effects of surgical timing on outcomes in inguinal hernia repairs in the newborn and infant population to establish evidence-based guidelines for optimal surgical timing. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, MEDLINE, and Web of Science databases, following PRISMA guidelines. Studies evaluating neonates and infants undergoing IHR with outcomes of recurrence, complications, and postoperative recovery were included. Data were collaboratively extracted, including patient demographics, surgical approaches, perioperative complications, and long-term outcomes. Early repair (0–28 days of life) decreased the risk of hernia incarceration but also increased the risk of preoperative complications. Delayed repair (29 days to 1 year of life) showed fewer preoperative complications but increased the risk of incarceration. The outcomes were affected by variables including patient maturity and comorbidities, along with hernia severity. Neonates with a high risk for incarceration are best treated with early repair, while stable infants can be managed safely with delayed repair. More randomized trials are needed to develop standardized guidelines that balance the associated risks of neonatal versus infant repair strategies to maximize benefits.

Background: Pregnancy induces hormonal, immunologic, and vascular changes that profoundly affect dermatologic health. This systematic review aimed to assess the impact of pregnancy on dermatological disorders in terms of disease incidence, severity, maternal-fetal outcomes, and optimal management strategies. Methods: A systematic search was performed in PubMed, MEDLINE, and Web of Science databases, following PRISMA guidelines. Studies evaluating pregnant women with dermatological disorders, pregnancy-related dermatoses, and pre-existing morbidities, were included. The collaboratively extracted data included patient demographics, disease severity, treatment approaches, and pregnancy outcomes. Results: A total of 8490 pregnant cases with dermatologic changes and conditions caused by pregnancy were studied. The dermatological conditions were divided into physiological changes, pregnancy-related exacerbation of pre-existing skin conditions, and pregnancy-specific dermatoses. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and pemphigoid gestationis were associated with increased rates of adverse fetal outcomes in patients with specific dermatoses, including increased preterm birth and fetal distress rates. The atopic eruption of pregnancy and polymorphic eruption of pregnancy were highly relevant, but their effect on fetal health was minimal. The efficacy and safety of treatment modalities, including corticosteroids, antihistamines, and ursodeoxycholic acid, were variable. Conclusions: Pregnancy drastically affects dermatological health, but the nature of the impact depends on the condition. Optimal maternal and fetal outcomes rely on early diagnosis and individualized management strategies. More randomized controlled trials are required to develop standardized diagnostic and treatment guidelines to enhance the quality of dermatologic care during pregnancy.