Few studies have focused on the descriptive epidemiology and trends of HIV/AIDS since the publication of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study in 2021. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the trends and patterns of the HIV/AIDS burden at the global, regional, and national levels by sex, age and social development index (SDI). We also explored risk factors and predicted the GBD of HIV/AIDS until 2030. Data on the etiology of HIV/AIDS from 1990 to 2021 were collected from the 2021 GBD database. Estimated annual percent changes (EAPCs) were calculated to assess temporal trends in the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized disability-adjusted life-year rate (ASDR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of HIV/AIDS patients. Measures categorized by sex, region, age and SDI quintiles. In addition, an age‒period‒cohort model was established to forecast future trends of the HIV/AIDS burden to 2030. Globally, the incidence of HIV/AIDS reached 1.65 million (95% uncertainty interval 1.48 to 1.82) in 2021. From 1990 to 2021, the global ASIR of HIV/AIDS showed a downward trend, with an EAPC of 0.14% (0.12–0.16%). The ASIR, ASDR, and ASMR of HIV/AIDS were highest in the low-SDI region and lowest in the high-SDI region. Regionally, southern sub-Saharan Africa had the highest ASIR in 2021, whereas Oceania had the largest increase in the ASIR from 1990 to 2021. Burundi (EAPC 14.04%, 95% CI -13.63 to -14.44%), followed by Burkina Faso, exhibited the most significant decrease in the ASIR. Globally, the highest incidence rate was observed in the 25–29 years old group. Unsafe sex is the primary factor leading to the burden of HIV/AIDS. By 2030, the global ASIR, ASDR and ASMR of HIV/AIDS are expected to gradually decrease. HIV/AIDS disease burden varies by region, sex, and age. The global burden of HIV/AIDS is substantial in low-income regions, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Our study offers valuable epidemiological evidence for future research on the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS.

We isolated and purified a novel polysaccharide from the root of Chuanminshen violaceum, namely, Chuanminshen violaceumis polysaccharide (CVP) and confirmed its structure and molecular weight. Furthermore, in vivo experiment, CVP’s protective effect against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice was evidenced by significantly reducing I/R-induced myocardial infarction (MI) size, decreasing the secretion of heart damage biomarkers, and improving cardiac function. Then, the myocardial anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) injury model was established to mimic reperfusion injury. Noticeably, ferroptosis was the major death manner for A/R-damaged H9c2 cells. Meanwhile, CVP significantly inhibited ferroptosis by decreasing intracellular Fe²⁺ level, enhancing GPX4 expression, and suppressing lipid peroxidation to confront A/R injury. In conclusion, CVP, with a clear structure, ameliorated I/R injury by inhibiting ferroptosis.

Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has emerged as a powerful tool for the rapid identification of compounds within natural resources. Daphnane diterpenoids, a class of natural compounds predominantly found in plants belonging to the Thymelaeaceae and Euphorbiaceae families, have attracted much attention due to their remarkable anticancer and anti-HIV activities. In the present study, the presence of daphnane diterpenoids in Wikstroemia indica, a plant belonging to the Thymelaeaceae family, was investigated by LC-MS/MS analysis. As a result, 21 daphnane diterpenoids (1–21) in the stems of W. indica were detected. Among these, six major compounds (12, 15, 17, 18, 20, and 21) were isolated and their structures were unequivocally identified through a comprehensive analysis of the MS and NMR data. For the minor compounds (1–11, 13, 14, 16, and 19), their structures were elucidated by in-depth MS/MS fragmentation analysis. This study represents the first disclosure of structurally diverse daphnane diterpenoids in W. indica, significantly contributing to our understanding of bioactive diterpenoids in plants within the Thymelaeaceae family.

The roots of Codonopsis lanceolata (Siebold & Zucc.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Trautv. have been traditionally used for medicinal purposes across East Asia. However, their chemical constituents in Japanese-grown varieties remain uninvestigated. This study employed ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole–orbitrap mass spectrometry to perform a comprehensive chemical analysis of the roots of C. lanceolata cultivated in Nagano Prefecture, Japan, leveraging fragment pattern analysis of both isolated and commercially available compounds as references compounds. As a result, 27 compounds, including triterpenoid saponins (19–22), polyacetylenes (6, 15, 18), flavonoids (16, 17), phenylpropanoids (3–5, 7, 9), a lignan (10), glycolipids (8, 11–14), phospholipids (23–27), and amino acids (1, 2), were identified. Notably, a triterpenoid saponin (19) was identified as a previously unreported compound, and ten compounds (3, 6, 8, 10, 13, 17, and 23–27) were identified from C. lanceolata roots for the first time. The ex vivo study revealed that lancemaside A (22) exhibited a time-dependent vasodilatory effect on rat aortic ring specimens. These findings not only advanced the understanding of the chemical constituents and biological activity of C. lanceolata roots but also provided valuable insights for their future applications and quality control.

Complex natural products (CNPs) feature polycyclic structures, multiple consecutive chiral centers, and nonrepetitive structural units. Given their complexity, the structural annotation of CNPs remains a major bottleneck. Here, we introduce the modular fragmentation–based structural assembly (MFSA) strategy for the target CNP structural annotation. The MFSA strategy disassembled the structure based on fragmentation patterns, recognized targets via a pseudo-library, and reassembled the structure using characteristic ions and neutral losses. As a proof of concept, we focused on daphnane-type diterpenoids, a kind of specific bioactive CNP from Thymelaeaceae plants. Furthermore, we present a user-friendly application named CNPs-MFSA coded in Python. Using an in-house daphnane library, CNPs-MFSA outperformed SIRIUS, MS-FINDER, and MetFrag in Top-1 annotation accuracy. By applying CNPs-MFSA to 56 Thymelaeaceae plants, 204 high-confidence daphnanes within 822 annotated results, including 105 previously unreported compounds were found. Aconitine, paclitaxel, and obakunone analogs were incorporated as additional target CNP classes to illustrate the extension workflow.