Geographic information systems (GISs) based on WebGIS architectures have transformed geospatial data visualization and analysis, offering rapid access to critical information and enhancing decision making across sectors. This study conducted a bibliometric review of 358 publications using the Web of Science database. The analysis utilized tools, such as Bibliometrix (version R 4.3.0) and Biblioshiny (version 1.7.5), to study authors, journals, keywords, and collaborative networks in the field of information systems. This study identified two relevant clusters in the literature: (1) voluntary geographic information (VGI) and crowdsourcing, focusing on web integration for collaborative mapping through contributions from non-professionals and (2) GIS management for decision making, highlighting web-based architectures, open sources, and service-based approaches for storing, processing, monitoring, and sharing geo-referenced information. The journals, authors, and geographical distribution of the most important publications were identified. China, Italy, the United States, Germany, and India have excelled in the application of geospatial technologies in areas such as the environment, risk, sustainable development, and renewable energy. These results demonstrate the impact of web-based GISs on forest conservation, climate change, risk management, urban planning, education, public health, and disaster management. Future research should integrate AI, mobile applications, and geospatial data security in areas aligned with sustainable development goals (SDGs) and other global agendas.

The constant increase in industrialization and urbanization has led to the regular discharge of wastewater into the environment in excessive amounts, which has caused significant impacts on both human and wildlife ecosystems. The sustainable management and treatment of wastewater, whether of industrial or domestic origin, represents a crucial challenge in this century. In this study, phytoremediation was employed as a wastewater treatment strategy using two species of aquatic macrophytes: water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and duckweed (Lemna minor). The study was conducted over seven consecutive evaluation periods, with five-day intervals between each. The objective was to apply the multivariate HJ-Biplot methodology to evaluate the effects of phytoremediation of two species of aquatic microphytes on the physicochemical characteristics of wastewater from Milagro canton, Ecuador. Additionally, a microbiological analysis was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the floating macrophytes. The analysis was based on the measurement of various physicochemical parameters, such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), salinity, total dissolved solids (TDSs), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), hardness, and temperature. The results showed that the highest efficiency in pollutant removal was achieved with duckweed (Lemna minor) in five out of nine measured parameters, suggesting that this species was the most effective compared to the control sample and Eichhornia crassipes. The capacity of these macrophytes for wastewater treatment was confirmed by this study. To ensure effective water purification, timely extraction of aquatic macrophytes from water bodies is recommended. If this collection is not properly carried out, the nutrients absorbed and stored in the plant tissues may be released back into the aquatic environment due to plant decomposition.

The increasing generation of agricultural waste, such as from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), poses a significant environmental challenge, making it relevant to investigate its valorization. This study aims to evaluate the mechanical properties of organic leather made from tomato waste under different experimental treatments. An experimental design was employed to analyze how variations in material density and processing parameters affect the mechanical properties of the leather. The results showed that treatments T4 and T5 achieved average thicknesses of 2 mm and 2.33 mm, respectively, with tensile strengths of 0.0253 N/mm² and 0.0267 N/mm² and an average elongation of 3 mm. Treatments T4 and T5 also maintained controlled humidity between 43% and 44%, ensuring the flexibility and durability necessary for practical applications. Furthermore, optimal pH conditions between 5 and 6 were maintained during manufacturing, favoring the stability of the material. In conclusion, this study validates the hypothesis that it is possible to develop functional organic leather from tomato waste, proposing a sustainable and replicable method for the materials industry. These findings open new avenues for research in the valorization of agricultural waste and its application in the production of sustainable materials.

La inteligencia artificial (IA) representa un portal de posibilidades que optimiza el trabajo docente al facilitar la personalización del aprendizaje y mejorar la eficiencia en la planificación diaria. Sin embargo, su uso en la educación sigue siendo limitado debido a factores como el desconocimiento, la resistencia al cambio y las limitaciones tecnológicas, lo que genera una alta carga cognitiva en los docentes. Este estudio, de enfoque mixto, combina encuestas a docentes y análisis bibliográfico para identificar herramientas de IA aplicables a la creación de recursos pedagógicos. Los resultados revelan que, aunque el 93.3 % de los docentes reconoce la utilidad de la IA en la educación, solo el 33.3 % la emplea con frecuencia. A partir de estos hallazgos, se recomienda su uso en la práctica docente, para lo cual, se deben tomar en cuenta programas adecuados que contribuyan a la generación de textos, imágenes, videos, sonidos, entre otros. El objetivo de la investigación se centra en sugerir mecanismos para que se integre la IA en la práctica docente de manera efectiva para que los docentes de la Unidad Educativa Particular María Andrea aprovechen al máximo la tecnología para enriquecer sus clases y mejorar la experiencia de aprendizaje de sus estudiantes.

Resumen El estudio aborda la aplicación de Lean Six-Sigma en Instituciones de Educación Superior entre 2013-2023, con el objetivo de analizar las tendencias actuales de publicación, especialmente en las bases de datos científicas Scopus y Web of Science. Las preguntas de investigación se centran en las tendencias de publicación, autores activos, publicaciones a nivel nacional, grupos según autores y palabras clave, tendencias de investigación, productividad de los autores y futuras áreas de investigación. La metodología compara Scopus y Web of Science según los patrones de publicación, el tipo de documento y los autores activos. Para el análisis detallado se utilizaron programas informáticos como Vosviewer y Biblioshiny. Los resultados muestran que Lean Six-Sigma en las Educación Superior es un nicho específico. “International Journal of Lean Six-Sigma” y “TQM Journal” en Web of Science y Scopus son las principales fuentes de publicación. Estados Unidos lidera la producción científica y Antony J destaca como el autor más activo. Este estudio es valioso por su originalidad, ya que llena un vacío en la bibliografía al cartografiar el alcance del Lean Six-Sigma en las instituciones de enseñanza superior.

The tax dynamics and commercial structure of the cantons of Guayaquil and Milagro (2017–2025) were analysed using Partial Triadic Analysis (PTA) based on official administrative data from the Internal Revenue Service (SRI) in Ecuador. The results revealed marked territorial asymmetries; Guayaquil accounted for between 85% and 91.2% of provincial tax revenue (exceeding Milagro’s figure by 128 to 197 times), consistent with its diversified tax base compared to Milagro’s agricultural specialisation, where the 0% tax rate predominates. The PTA identified the commerce sector as the main driver of provincial tax inertia. The time series captured contractions in the 2018–2019 and 2020–2021 periods, followed by a recovery phase beginning in 2022 that coincided with the widespread adoption of electronic invoicing; notably, in Milagro, the education sector emerged as a key driver around 2025. It was concluded that tax revenue was associated with local economic and structural factors. The findings suggested the implementation of differentiated tax management strategies based on the cantonal productive matrix.