The El Valle Volcanic Complex, located in the province of Cocle, Panama, presents geological characteristics that could be linked to public health problems. This study focuses on the municipalities of San Juan de Dios, Pajonal, and Caballero, where water is consumed directly from springs (groundwater outcrops). The region has a high incidence of non-traditional chronic kidney disease (nt-CKD) that may be associated with the natural presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the water. This study aimed to analyze the concentration of PTEs in groundwater and assess the carcinogenic (CR) and non-carcinogenic (HQ) risk to human health from the direct ingestion of water. Sediments, rocks, and water samples were collected. Major ions and PTEs (As, Al, Ba, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Sr, Sb, Pb, V, and Zn) were measured, and the mineralogical composition of the rocks was analyzed. The results showed that Fe was the only PTE that exceeded the recommended concentration for drinking water, according to Panama regulations, and Pb according to USEPA. In Caballero and Pajonal, the acceptable threshold for CR and HQ was exceeded, a higher percentage than in San Juan de Dios. The PTEs that contribute most to the risk are Co, Cu, Pb, and As. This study suggests that the region’s historical volcanic activity, involving the release of minerals rich in these PTEs, along with the interaction between groundwater and volcanic rocks, may be contributing to the presence of PTEs in the water. This geological phenomenon could be what has led to prolonged exposure to these elements, which correlates with the high prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the area. This is a novel study, the first conducted in Panama, as it seeks to uncover the relationship between the geology of the site, the presence of PTEs in the groundwater of springs for human consumption, and the implication of health risks, with the aim of generating new information for decision makers for the generation of public policies on health issues such as nt-CKD and cancer in the region.

La piña es el segundo cultivo perenne tropical con más importancia a nivel mundial después del banano, aportando más del 20% del volumen total mundial de frutos tropicales. La calidad de la piña panameña es del deleite nacional y de mercados internacionales como Europa y Estados Unidos, siendo La Chorrera el mayor productor de piña del país. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar un muestreo geoquímico aplicado a labores agrícolas, con el fin de generar mapas geoquímicos de pH y conductividad eléctrica que sean de utilidad a la producción de piña de la finca en estudio. El muestreo se realizó con una malla irregular de 13 puntos de muestras de suelo, y 2 muestras de sedimentos de los cuerpos de agua cercanos. Se tomaron muestras de suelo a 15 cm de profundidad, y se midió el pH y conductividad eléctrica. En todo el perímetro de la finca los valores de pH del suelo fueron ácidos, siendo el mínimo 4.25 y el máximo 5.09. Se observó que las zonas con mayor conductividad eléctrica fueron los sedimentos de los cuerpos de agua, mientras que las zonas de producción agrícola estuvieron en un rango de 21 a 107 µS/cm. Concluyendo así que la zona se ve afectada por fenómenos como la erosión y el transporte de sedimentos hacia los cuerpos de agua, lo cual guarda relación directa con el relieve de la zona de estudio, y podría indicar también como se realiza el arrastre de los nutrientes aplicados al cultivo de piña.

La conservación de la biodiversidad urbana depende de la protección de los fragmentos de bosques inmersos en estas zonas, aunque a menudo se desconocen los filtros ambientales que estructuran estas comunidades. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la influencia de las perturbaciones antrópicas en la estructura de la comunidad de vertebrados del campus Dr. Víctor Levi Sasso de la Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá. Se realizó un muestreo sistemático de fauna y variables ambientales, analizando los datos mediante un análisis de Coordenadas Principales (PCoA) y correlaciones de gradiente (ruido, luz artificial, suelo impermeable). Se registraron 208 especies incluyendo aves, mamíferos, reptiles y anfibios, de las cuales ocho se encuentran en alguna categoría de amenaza según la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN), confirmando al campus como un refugio de biodiversidad. El análisis de diversidad beta mostró una alta heterogeneidad en la composición de especies entre sitios. La contaminación acústica emergió como el determinante principal, mostrando una correlación significativa con el segundo eje de ordenación comunitaria (r= 0,747; p= 0,021). Se evidenció que la fauna del campus está estructurada por micro-gradientes antrópicos, donde el ruido actúa como un filtro ambiental selectivo. Estos resultados confirman que la gestión de espacios verdes urbanos requiere estrategias que mitiguen estas perturbaciones para asegurar su función como refugios ecológicos.

The Remance gold mine, in Veraguas (central Panama), had its last mining operation in 1999, using the cyanidation process for Au separation. As a result of this activity, three waste tailings were exposed to the weather, in addition to mine dumps and the open pit mining areas. Currently the area is inhabited by peasants who develop subsistence agriculture and livestock. Therefore, the objective of this study has been to evaluate the environmental and human health risks that this area represents. The total concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as As, Cu, Zn, Ba, Sb and Hg were determined in mining process areas, surrounding soils and edible and inedible plants in the area; in addition to the cyanide species and the enzymatic activity by dehydrogenase (DHA) in soils. The accumulated contamination index (PLI) and potential ecological risk (RI) were calculated, the carcinogenic (CR) and non-carcinogenic (HQ) risk to human health represented by soils and edible plants was estimated.Regarding the degree of contamination, it is observed that the contamination is considerable in the tailings and the sediments of the pithead, and it spreads to the surroundings mainly in the sediments of the streams and their terraces, and, to a lesser degree, to the soils around it, showing that the main route of dissemination is through runoff; the same trend is followed by the potential ecological risk, being extreme in the sediments of the pithead, serious in the tailings and terrace sediments, high in the stream sediments and medium in the surrounding soils. The enzymatic activity by DHA tells us that the health of the surrounding soils is better than that of the stream sediments and terrace sediments, but less than in other sites affected by mining activity in Spain. Cyanide species are linked to DHA and this in turn is favoured by organic matter (OM). On the other hand, it was observed that cyanide elutes from the tailing’s piles in a complex cyanide way, favouring the transport of PTEs associated with it to the stream sediments.Regarding the risks to human health in soils, As and Cu concentrations exceed the limits for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk in both children and adults, with the residential scenario being the worst scenario, and for adults also the agricultural scenario. In edible plants such as rice, corn, cassava and tea leaves, Sb exceeds the limit for non-carcinogenic risk, and Cu and As for carcinogenic risk. Due to the potential ecological and human health risks that the area represents, actions must be taken to reduce them.Keywords: potentially toxic elements (PTEs), gold mine, risk assessment, edible plants, human health.