Background: Environmental and genetic factors are suggested to exhibit factor-based association with HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. However, the population-based effects of environmental and genetic factors have not been compared clearly. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J-MICC) Study to evaluate the population-based impact of smoking, drinking, and genetic factors on low HDL-C.Methods: Data from 11,498 men and women aged 35-69 years were collected for a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Sixty-five HDL-C-related SNPs with genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8) were selected from the GWAS catalog, and seven representative SNPs were defined, and the population-based impact was estimated using population attributable fraction (PAF).Results: We found that smoking, drinking, daily activity, habitual exercise, egg intake, BMI, age, sex and the SNPs CETP rs3764261, APOA5 rs662799, LIPC rs1800588, LPL rs328, ABCA1 rs2575876, LIPG rs3786247, and APOE rs429358 were associated with HDL-C levels. The gene-environmental interactions on smoking and drinking were not statistically significant. The PAF for low HDL-C was the highest in men (63.2%) and in rs3764261 (31.5%) of the genetic factors, and the PAFs of smoking and drinking were 23.1% and 41.8%, respectively.Conclusions: The present study showed that the population-based impact of genomic factor CETP rs3764261 for low HDL-C was higher than that of smoking and lower than that of drinking.

The tuber and leaves of the taro plant (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) are useful dietary ingredients for patients with diabetes mellitus. Alternatively, dry noodles with taro flour and leaf substitution can also be used as a source of food. This study aimed to analyse the substitution of taro flour (0%, 40%, and 100%) and its leaf (0% and 100%) to obtain six variations of dry noodles using a completely randomized design. The nutrient contents were energy, carbohydrates, fat, protein, water, ash, and dietary fibre. In addition, the starch digestibility (in vitro), antioxidant activity (IC50), and glycaemic index were also analysed. The best formula was determined using the De Garmo method's Effectiveness Index. The statistical analysis showed that taro leaf puree affects the glycaemic load, antioxidant activity, and starch digestibility of the noodle. Based on the nutritional content and organoleptic tests, the recommended dry noodles were the D2 formula with 40% and 100% taro flour and leaf substitution. Therefore, this noodle can be an alternative food for people with diabetes mellitus.

Background: The risk of anemia in stunted toddlers is higher than in normal toddlers. There is limited research on anemia in children under 3 years old in the community and there is a need for supporting research to prove the possibility of controlling stunting and anemia together. Previous studies have shown that family characteristics and immunization status are associated with the stunting and anemia.Objective: This study aims to analyze the association between anemia and stunting in toddlers that are stratified by characteristics of family and Immunization status.Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design study and was conducted on September-October 2020 in the Mlonggo District, Jepara Regency. One hundred two respondents were selected by cluster random sampling technique. The questionnaire was applied to collect the data on stunting, anemia, immunization status, age, mother's occupation and education status, SCREEM score, and APGAR score. This study used the Chi-Square statistic test.Results: The anemia status was measured by the Hb meter. The characteristics of stunting status (stunting = 17.7%, no stunting= 82.3%), anemia status (Yes = 63.7%, No = 36.3%). The association between stunting and anemia was stratified by the child age (6-23 months) (PR=1.667; 95%; CI=1.103-2.519; P=0.123), employed mother (PR=1.593; 95%CI=1.265-2.005; P=0.154), incomplete and inappropriate immunization status (PR=1.636; 95%CI= 1.132-2.366; P=0.133) and highly internal family function; (PR=1.512; 95% CI=1.270-1.799; P=0.029).Conclusion: There was an association between stunting and anemia in toddlers from child age of 6-23 months, employed mother, incomplete and inappropriate immunization, and highly family function groups.

Background: Diarrhea is a condition of increased fecal water content of more than 200 grams or 200 ml/24 hours with a liquid or semi-liquid consistency. Complications of diarrhea, dehydration and malnutrition are still world health problems. Lime peel extract contains tannins which have astringent properties. Tannins are indicated as an alternative anti-diarrheal agent by tightening and forming a protective layer on the intestinal mucosa thereby reducing osmolarity.Aim: To examine the consistency, fecal water content, and frequency of defecation of bisacodyl-induced diarrhea in mice that are given lime peel extract.Methods: This research was an experimental with post test only group design. Thirty-six male mice were included and then divided into 5 groups with bisacodyl induction and 1 normal control group (KM) without bisacodyl induction. The negative control group (KN) was given 0.5 ml Tween 80 1%, the positive control group (KP) was given attalpugite 0.4 mg/40gW, treatment group 1 (X1), treatment group 2 (X2), treatment group 3 (X3 ) were given lime peel extract at graded doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/KgW. Consistency, fecal water content, and frequency of defecation were observed every 30 minutes for 4 hours by observing the consistency of feces, weighing wet and dry feces to measure the water content, and measuring the frequency of defecation in each group. Data were analyzed statitiscally using Kruskal Wallis test with Post Hoc Mann Whitney test.Results: There were significant differences between the comparison of defecation frequency in the X3 group and the KM group, for the fecal water content comparison between the X3 group and the KN group, and no significant differences in the following group comparisons.Conclusion: Lime peel extract cannot reduce the frequency of defecation, fecal water content, and increase the consistency of feces significantly.Keywords: Diarrhea, lime peel extract, tannins, astringent, consistency, fecal water content, frequency of defecation.

Background: Antioxidant is a substance that can catch and neutralize free radicals so that the process of oxidative stress can be stopped and cell damage can be avoided. Kaffir lime peel contains antioxidant compounds that have the potential to be the neuroprotective agent and can protect neurons from free radical-induced damage.Objective: To evaluate the effect of kaffir lime peel extract (Citrus hystrix) on the plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level of mice induced by Scopolamine (SCM).Method: This research was a true experimental study with a post-test-only controlled group design. Thirty mice were randomly divided into 5 groups consisting of a healthy control (K+), Negative Control (K-), extract 5 mg/20gBW group (P1), 10 mg/20gBW group (P2), 20 mg/20gBW group (P3). SCM was injected intraperitoneally on days 1-7 and kaffir lime peel extract was given orally on days 2-7, the MDA levels testing of mice using TBARS method on day 8. Data analysis used One-Way ANOVA test and continued with Post Hoc LSD test.Results: The mean MDA levels of K+, K-, P1, P2, P3 were 4,212; 4,644; 3,481; 4,555; 4,733 nmol/mL, respectively. MDA levels of P1 were lower than K-, even though there were no statistically significant differences.Conclusion: There was no effect of administration kaffir lime peel extract (Citrus hystrix) on MDA levels in mice with scopolamine-induced dementia.Keywords: Citrus hystrix, malondialdehyde, dementia, mice