An efficient ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method was developed for simultaneous extraction of three active compounds, forsythiaside A (FSA), phillyrin (PHI) and rutin (RT), from the fruits of Forsythia suspensa. The effects of various factors including a binary mixed solvent of methanol/water and ethanol/water, the pH of the solvent, particle size, temperature, solvent to material ratio, ultrasonic input power and extraction time on UAE were investigated in detail. The mass transfer mechanism of UAE using different mixed solvents was further explained by comparison with the maceration extraction method. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the experimental variables including ethanol concentration, solvent to material ratio and extraction time. The optimized conditions for the simultaneous extraction of RT, FSA and PHI were: particle size 60–80 mesh, temperature 30 °C, ultrasonic power 200 W, ethanol concentration 50%, solvent to material ratio 32 mL/g and extraction time 37 min. Compared to conventional extraction methods, UAE provided the highest extraction efficiency and offered many advantages including the reduction of solvent, temperature and time for extraction.

Metabolomics is an omics technology that studies the types, quantities, and changes of endogenous metabolic substances in organisms affected by abiotic and biotic factors. Background/Objectives: Based on metabolomics, small molecule metabolites in biological organisms can be qualitatively and quantitatively analysed. This method analysis directly correlates with biological phenotypes, facilitating the interpretation of life conditions. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the major food crops in the world, and its quality and yield play important roles in safeguarding food security. Methods: This review elaborated on the significance of metabolomics research techniques and methods in enhancing wheat resilience against biotic and abiotic stresses. Results: Metabolomics plays an important role in identifying the metabolites in wheat that respond to diverse stresses. The integrated examination of metabolomics with other omics disciplines provides new insights and approaches for exploring resistance genes, understanding the genetic basis of wheat metabolism, and revealing the mechanisms involved in stress responses. Conclusions: Emerging metabolomics research techniques to propose innovative avenues of research is important to enhance wheat resistance.