Diplopterys pubipetala (Malpighiaceae) is a liana native to the Brazilian Cerrado biome, traditionally used in Ayahuasca preparations. Despite its cultural importance, research on its chemical composition and biological activities, which may have therapeutic potential, is limited. This study investigated the volatile and non-volatile secondary metabolites of D. pubipetala leaves, their antioxidant capacity, and their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Volatile compounds were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled to solid-phase microextraction (SPME), while non-volatile compounds were annotated using UHPLC-MS/MS-ESI-Q-TOF. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated by DPPH assay, and antimicrobial activity was assessed in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida species (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata). GC-MS analysis revealed 25 predominant volatile compounds, including ethyl dodecanoate, ethyl tetradecanoate, nonanoic acid, and 5-methylhexan-2-one, with documented antifungal, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. The crude extract and ethyl acetate fraction showed strong antioxidant capacity (EC₅₀ 9.83 µg/mL and 6.42 µg/mL, respectively), and antifungal effects were observed against Candida species. This study provides the first comprehensive investigation of the antioxidant capacity and antibacterial and antifungal activities of D. pubipetala, together with a detailed chemical profile of its volatile compounds.

Introduction: Research on medicinal plants, particularly regarding the characterization and investigation of bioactive compounds, plays a crucial role in identifying promising resources for pharmaceutical development. It is estimated that over 80% of the global population relies on medicinal plants, primarily for disease treatment. In this context, Diplopterys pubipetala (Malpighiaceae), formerly classified as Banisteriopsis pubipetala and found in Brazilian forests and savannas, is the focus of this review. Objective: To compile and synthesize studies addressing the ethnobotanical and phytochemical characteristics of D. pubipetala. Methodology: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SciELO, Capes journals, and academic books, encompassing ethnobotanical, ethnopharmacological, and phytochemical data. Results: The species exhibits a variety of secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and terpenes. Its alkaloid profile resembles that of Banisteriopsis caapi, a principal component of Ayahuasca, which demonstrates therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric conditions. Notable antioxidant activity was identified in leaf and stem extracts, likely linked to flavonoids. Additionally, in vitro studies revealed cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-metastatic effects. Conclusion: Further investigation into the species’ secondary metabolites is warranted to ensure safety and support the exploration of its pharmacological potential, particularly regarding antimicrobial, antifungal, and in vivo applications.