Leaves and aerial parts of Malva neglecta Wallr. have been traditionally used in Anatolia for the treatment of pain, inflammation, hemorrhoids, renal stones, constipation, and infertility. This study investigated the effects of M. neglecta leaves in a rat endometriosis model. The dried plant material was extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, successively. Experimental endometriosis was surgically induced in six-week-old female, non-pregnant, Wistar albino rats by autotransplant of endometrial tissue to the abdominal wall. After twenty-eight days, rats were evaluated for a second laparotomy. Endometrial foci areas were assessed, and intraabdominal adhesions were scored. Rats were divided into five groups as control, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous extracts, as well as reference. At the end of the treatment, all rats were sacrificed and endometriotic foci areas and intraabdominal adhesions were re-evaluated and compared with the previous findings. Moreover, peritoneal fluid was collected to detect tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, and cDNA synthesis, and a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test was done. The phytochemical content of the most active extract was determined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Both endometrial volume and adhesion score decreased significantly in the group treated with methanol extract. In addition, significant decreases were observed in TNF-α, VEGF, and IL-6 levels in animals administered methanol extract. HPLC results showed that the activity caused by the methanol extract of M. neglecta was due to the polyphenols. Taken together, these novel findings indicate that M. neglecta may be a promising alternative for the treatment of endometriosis.

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) inflict significant economic losses on sheep and goat farming globally due to reduced productivity and the development of anthelmintic resistance. Sustainable control strategies are urgently needed including the exploration of medicinal plants as safer alternatives to chemical anthelmintics. This genus of plants is used for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic activities of Nepeta racemosa Lam. MeOH extract, n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-buthanol (n-BuOH) and aqueous (H₂O) subextracts, and quantify rosmarinic acid in the active extract by the HPLC method, and perform in silico molecular docking studies of rosmarinic acid to examine its binding interactions with tubulin. The anthelmintic activity of the plant extracts on gastrointestinal nematode eggs and larvae (L3) of the sheep was assessed using in vitro test methods such as the egg hatch assay and larval motility assay, conducted over a 24 h period (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 24). All extracts exhibited 100% effectiveness in the egg hatch inhibition assay, regardless of concentration (50–1.5625 mg/mL). The EtOAc subextract shows the highest effectiveness at 79.66%, followed by the MeOH extract at 74.00%, water at 64.00%, n-hexane at 67.00%, and DCM at 61.00%, and the lowest effectiveness is observed with n-BuOH at 51.66% in the larval motility assay. The major compound of EtOAc extract, the most active extract of N. racemosa, was determined as rosmarinic acid and its amount in the extract was determined as 14.50 mg/100 mg dry extract. The amount of rosmarinic acid in the MeOH extract was found to be 0.21 mg/100 mg dry extract. n-Hexane, DCM, n-BuOH, and H₂O extracts’ rosmarinic acid content was lower than the LOQ value. As tubulin plays an important role in the mechanism of anthelmintics, the major compound of the most active extract (NR-EtOAc) rosmarinic acid was docked onto the colchicine-binding site of the tubulin (5OV7) protein. Rosmarinic acid showed a similar activity spectrum to the anthelmintic drug albendazole. The discovery of low-cost and low-toxicity anthelmintic compounds is very important.

Elaeagnaceae family, which is common in the steppe regions of Asia, Europe, and North America, contains about 45 species, including three genus: Hippophae, Shepherdia, and Elaeagnus. There are two species in the genus Hippophae rhamnoides and Elaeagnus angustifolia. The species of the Elaeagnaceae family is widely used in public and traditional medicine due to its widespread prevalence in the world and in Turkey. Ethnobotanical field studies have revealed that the fruits of E. angustifolia L. are used in Anatolia as an anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, urolithiatic, antidiarrheal, and anti-inflammatory agent in eye infections. Furthermore, the fruit of this plant is consumed as an appetizer and a source of nutrition. The study aims to evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of extracts in different polarities from the leaves, branches, and fruits of E. angustifolia and to establish the content of polyphenolic compounds (flavones and polyphenolic carboxylic acids) in the ethyl acetate extract branches using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). In this context, the anti-inflammatory effects of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts prepared from the plant have been evaluated through in vitro cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) enzyme inhibition, inhibition of protein denaturation and proteinase enzyme, and anti-lipoxygenase activity tests. The results showed the highest activity of the ethyl acetate extract from branches. The HPLC-MS analysis revealed that the ethyl acetate extract prepared from the branches at a concentration of 100 mg/g contains p-coumaric acid (123.91 mg%), ferulic acid (62.07 mg%), kaempferol (43.11 mg%), sinapic acid (9.82 mg%), and quercetol (12.46 mg%). It was concluded that the data obtained in this context supported the use of the plant in folk medicine.

Sleep problems and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are two disorders often seen together. Age-related structural and physiological changes in certain parts of the brain lead to changes in sleep patterns. Conditions such as AD also affect these areas of the brain, thus changing the sleep-wake cycle. Sleep disorders likewise adversely affect the course of the disease. Sleep quality is important for the proper functioning of the memory. Impaired sleep is also associated with problems in some areas of the brain that play a key role in learning and memory functions. Changes in the brain seen in aging and AD disrupt sleep and memory processes, leading increased cognitive impairment. In addition to synthetic drugs, treatment with plants has also become a preferred factor in the treatment. Curcuminoids, which are in the structure of diarylheptanoid, are the main components of turmeric. Curcumin has multiple applications in treatment regimes of various diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, cancer, inflammatory diseases, and aging. Besides these applications and activities, curcumin has been reported to be effective in many neurodegenerative diseases. There are plenty of studies show-ing that curcumin can lead significant improvements in the pathological process of AD. Despite many important positive effects, the therapeutic limitation of curcumin is its low solubility and bioavailabil-ity. New approaches are needed to solve this problem and many studies have focused different types of advanced nanoformulations. This review summarizes the available scientific data, as reported by the most recent studies describing the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease and sleep deprivation-related consequences.