Objective: In this study, we aimed to determine the frequency of and the clinical and metabolic features of patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) at a single center in Turkey. Subjects and methods: Patients over 30 years of age diagnosed with type 2 diabetes who did not require insulin for a minimum of 6 months following diagnosis were included. Data from 324 patients (163 women; 161 men), with a mean age of 54.97 +/- 7.53 years, were analyzed in the study. Levels of antibodies to glutamate decarboxylase (anti-GAD) were measured in all patients, and LADA was diagnosed in patients testing positive for anti-GAD antibodies. Results: Anti-GAD positivity was identified in 5 patients (1.5%). Family history of diabetes, body mass index (BMI), age, sex distribution, insulin resistance, serum triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein were similar in the LADA and type 2 diabetes patients. Median HbA1c was significantly higher (10.8% vs. 7.38%, p = 0.002) and fasting C-peptide was lower (0.75 ng/mL vs. 2.82 ng/mL, p = 0.009) in patients with LADA compared to in those with type 2 diabetes. Among the 5 patients with LADA, 4 were positive for antithyroid peroxidase antibodies. The median disease duration was relatively shorter among patients with LADA (4 years vs. 7 years, p = 0.105). Conclusion: We observed a LADA frequency of 1.5% among Turkish patients followed for type 2 diabetes. The presence of obesity and metabolic syndrome did not exclude LADA, and patients with LADA had worse glycemic control than patients with type 2 diabetes did.

Background: Tumor diameter may not reflect tumor burden accurately in all cancers. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between tumor volume (TV) and aggressive features and prognosis in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Methods: Patients diagnosed with single foci PTC were recruited for the study. The largest tumor diameter was considered as the primary tumor diameter. TV was calculated using the formula for an ellipsoid shape, considering the three pathologically specified dimensions. Primary tumor diameter and TV were compared in terms of aggressive tumor characteristics and prognosis. Results: The data of 118 patients were analyzed. There was no significant relationship between primary tumor diameter and lymph node metastasis (LNM), extrathyroidal extension (ETE), and vascular invasion (p > 0.05 for each). In patients with tumor diameter >2 cm, TV was negatively associated with LNM (p = 0.015). One-unit increase in TV was associated with 1.629 times greater likelihood of absence of LNM (95% CI: 1.099–2.415). When the TV was ≤5.26 cm³, the sensitivity and specificity for the presence of LNM were 88.9% and 75.8%, respectively. Again in this group, the sensitivity for the occurrence of ETE was 100.0% and specificity was 45.7% when the TV was ≤9.49 cm³. There was no significant difference in the five-year disease-free survival between tumor diameter and TV. Conclusions: In contrary to studies with other cancer types in the literature, there was a significant but negative relationship between TV and LNM. Further large-scale studies are needed to determine whether TV can be used as a prognostic factor in PTC.

Aim We aimed to investigate the presence of thyroid, celiac disease (CD) and anti-parietal cell antibodies (APCA) in adult type 1 diabetes (T1DM) patients. Methods Data of 287 T1DM patients >16 years old were reviewed retrospectively. Thyroid disease related, CD related antibodies and APCA were evaluated. Patients were divided into early onset (20 years according to disease duration. Results There were 142 (49.5%) female and 145 (50.5%) male patients. The median age at diagnosis and disease duration were 21 (2-53) and 6.91 (0-50.8) years, respectively. Antibody positivity rates were anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) 72.8%, anti-insulin 9.1%, anti-islet cell 25.7%, antithyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) 34.8%, anti-thyroglobulin 19.9%, anti-endomysial IgA (EMA-IgA) 7.6%, anti-gliadin IgA (AGA-IgA), 12.2%, AGA-IgG 13.0%, tissue transglutaminase IgA 7.1% and APCA 14.4%. One hundred twenty-eight (44.6%) patients had at least one non-diabetes autoantibody. Thyroid autoantibodies and dysfunction were significantly higher in women than men. Anti-TPO positivity was higher in the late-onset group (P = .044). Anti-GAD level was correlated with thyroid related antibody positivity in male patients with positive anti-GAD (r: .340, P: .006). The positivity of EMA-IgA and AGA-IgA was higher in patients with disease duration >20 years (P = .017 and .039, respectively). Conclusion Almost half of the adult T1DM patients were positive for at least one non-diabetic antibody. It is important to investigate thyroid autoimmunity in patients diagnosed with T1DM at any age, including advanced age. CD associated antibody positivity increases with disease duration, suggesting that they should be re-evaluated at clinical suspicion, even if prior tests were negative.

Background/Objectives: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune disease influenced by genetic factors and environmental triggers that affect immune system function. Data suggest that vitamin D may also play a role in the etiopathogenesis of HT. Methods: This retrospective study included patients admitted to the Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Outpatient Clinic. Data from individuals aged 18 years and older were analyzed, including serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), anti-thyroglobulin (anti-TG), and vitamin D. HT was diagnosed based on the presence of anti-TPO and/or anti-TG antibodies, while individuals with negative results for both were classified as non-HT. Thyroid function was categorized as euthyroid if TSH levels were between 0.55 mU/L and 4.78 mU/L and fT4 levels were between 0.89 ng/dL and 1.76 ng/dL; hypothyroid status was defined as TSH > 4.78 mU/L. Vitamin D levels were classified as deficient (<50 nmol/L), insufficient (50–74.9 nmol/L), or sufficient (≥75 nmol/L). Results: Of the total participants, 25,018 did not have HT, while 27,800 were diagnosed with HT. Vitamin D level was significantly higher in the HT group than the non-HT group (41.43 nmol/L and 39.44 nmol/L, p < 0.001). Vitamin D deficiency was present in 65.5% of the non-HT group and 62.1% of the HT group (p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses based on thyroid function showed that vitamin D levels were highest in the euthyroid HT group and similar in the euthyroid non-HT, hypothyroid non-HT, and hypothyroid HT groups (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In conclusion, while vitamin D levels were higher in the HT group compared to the non-HT group, no clinically significant association between vitamin D levels and HT or autoantibody positivity was observed. Vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent in the hypothyroid group compared to the euthyroid group. This study suggests that although vitamin D deficiency may not be directly involved in the pathogenesis of HT, it may still play a role in modulating immune activity or influencing the disease phenotype..