Heat stress is a major concern for lactating dairy cows. This study evaluated the effects of heat stress on six Holstein-Friesian crossbred dairy cows exposed to three thermal conditions represented by the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI). These conditions included a baseline pre-treatment phase at THI-72, a heat stress treatment phase at THI-75 and THI-80, and a post-treatment recovery phase at THI-72. The duration of the heat stress treatment phase was 24 h. A total of four trials, each involving three cows, were conducted in an IoT-based climatic chamber to assess various physiological, hematological, biochemical, and production parameters across these phases. Compared to the baseline (THI-72), cows showed significant increases (p < 0.05) in rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), and water intake (WI) at both THI-75 and THI-80, with the highest elevations observed at THI-80 (RT: 5.1%, HR: 8.6%, RR: 23.5%, and WI: 19.1%). Feed intake declined significantly (p < 0.05) by 6.5% and 14.0%, and milk yield dropped by 5.3% and 14.7% at THI-75 and THI-80, respectively; milk fat and protein percentages decreased by 1.1-fold and 1.2-fold. Hemoglobin, platelet, and lymphocyte counts, along with biochemical parameters (excluding serum creatinine) also decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The different levels of THI influenced pairwise correlation patterns, with THI-75 showing intense interactions and THI-80 exhibiting greater variability. The findings highlight that Holstein-Friesian crossbred dairy cows are particularly vulnerable to heat stress, even with short-term exposure. This vulnerability can lead to economic losses for Bangladeshi dairy farmers rearing Holstein-Friesian crossbred cows.

Ionophores are naturally occurring polyether antibiotics that disrupt ion balance in bacterial cells by selectively transporting metal ions across lipid membranes, primarily affecting Gram-positive bacteria in the rumen. The use of ionophores as a feed additive in sustainable beef cattle production offers a promising and innovative solution to key challenges in livestock farming, such as enhancing feed efficiency, lowering methane emissions, and promoting animal health. However, their use is surrounded by several misconceptions, which can lead to confusion among consumers, policymakers, and even within the agricultural industry. This review aims to assess the advantages, disadvantages, and safety aspects of ionophore use in beef cattle production. Published literature related to ionophores in cattle diets and their effects was collected from PubMed, ScientificGate, Google Scholar, ResearchGate and Academia. Ionophores have been reported to reduce rumen disorders like bloat and acidosis. Ionophores reduce methane emissions by altering ruminal fermentation to favor propionate production over acetate and butyrate. Ionophores may exert varying effects depending on the animal, diet, and type and dose of ionophore administered. Studies suggest limited cross-resistance to medically important antibiotics. As ionophores are metabolized and excreted rapidly, it is expected to have minimal adverse effects on human health.Overall, ionophores are promising feed additives that may play a significant role in sustainable beef cattle production, offering producers the opportunity to improve profitability while reducing environmental risks.

Throughout the world, Pharmaceutical sector is an instant component in health-care systems. It involved in invention, improvement, propagation, and trading of medicines for human health and animal health. Scientific investigation is the base of pharmaceutical industries which helps to improve of new formulation of various drugs that used to treatment of different diseases and confusions. Proper personal hygiene is mandatory in pharmaceutical sector which will be helpful to control the quality of the products and minimize various types of filth that effects virtue of medicinal product. In pharmaceutical industry hygienic and safety measures are deliberated two utmost significant sights. To ensure the safety of workers, it is compulsory to fix practices of hygienic management and monitoring filth inside the biological and pharma laboratory as well as industry. This study will help to set an occupational health of the researchers, workers in laboratory by making intimation about the bad effects of personal hygiene and less protective management.

Enteric methane (CH4) is both an energy loss from ruminants and an important emission from livestock production. Direct-fed microbials (DFMs) can modify rumen fermentation, but their effects on methane are inconsistent. This narrative review evaluates administered microbial interventions rather than naturally occurring taxa associated with low-methane phenotypes. A focused literature update prioritized in vivo studies that directly measured methane production, yield, or intensity. Animal evidence remains mixed. Propionibacterium-based DFMs, lactic acid bacteria, and conventional Saccharomyces cerevisiae products often show no change in daily methane, although strain- and diet-specific responses occur. Bacillus studies report both modest reductions and null responses. Recent approaches are more encouraging: a methanotroph-methylotroph consortium reduced daily methane by 12.0% to 14.4% in Hanwoo steers, and a rumen-derived Pichia membranifaciens strain reduced methane production, yield, and intensity in dairy cows at the higher tested dose. These findings are promising but still require independent and longer-term confirmation. Mechanistically, DFMs should not be described as eliminating ruminal H2 production. A more defensible target is redirection of reducing equivalents and H2/formate flux toward competing pathways, together with rumen stabilization or specific microbial antagonism. We therefore propose a function-first, evidence-tiered framework for DFM development. Farm-scale claims should require persistent changes in methane production, yield, or intensity without loss of intake, digestibility, health, or productivity.

The gastrointestinal tract of host-associated birds may provide avian-adapted probiotic candidates for poultry production. This study isolated and characterized lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from Red Junglefowl (RJF; Gallus gallus), screened representative strains for probiotic-related in vitro traits, and performed a preliminary in vivo evaluation in broiler chickens. Thirty-nine presumptive LAB were recovered from the crop, small intestine, large intestine, and cecum of RJF birds and were assigned by near full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing to Limosilactobacillus reuteri (28/39, 71.8%), Ligilactobacillus salivarius (8/39, 20.5%), and Weissella paramesenteroides (3/39, 7.7%), represented 14 sequence types. Representative strains were assessed for auto-aggregation, surface hydrophobicity, antagonistic activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp., acid and bile tolerance, hemolysis, DNase activity, and phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility. Marked strain-to-strain variation was observed, but L. reuteri-1, L. salivarius-3, and W. paramesenteroides-3 showed the most balanced overall profiles and were selected for a multi-strain formulation. In a 35-d broiler trial, 108 Arbor Acres chicks were divided into three groups: a PBS control group, an RJF-derived candidate probiotic mixture (RJF-Mix) group, and a commercial probiotic product (CPP) group, with 6 pens per treatment and 6 birds per pen. All chicks had almost similar initial body weights, and there was no significant difference among treatments in total feed intake. However, final body weight was 2485.5 ± 37.3 g/bird in the RJF-Mix group and 2513.7 ± 23.4 g/bird in the CPP group, compared with 2288.6 ± 27.8 g/bird in the control group (P < 0.0001). The RJF-Mix (1.377 ± 0.006) and CPP group (1.364 ± 0.010) showed lower final cumulative feed conversion ratio as compared to the control group (1.517 ± 0.014; P < 0.0001). To our knowledge, this is the first study to recover host-associated LAB from the wild ancestor of the domestic chicken, RJF, and to advance selected isolates from a transparent, criterion-based in vitro prioritization to preliminary in vivo broiler validation against a CFU-matched commercial probiotic comparator. In conclusion, these findings indicate that RJF might be a promising natural resource of host-associated LAB with potential for poultry probiotic development; however, the three selected isolates are presented as promising probiotic candidates rather than fully validated probiotics, and further genomic, safety, and larger-scale validation are required.

Background: Flea infestation is an important companion-animal health problem and a prime source of zoonotic exposure. However, information on cat owners awareness and preventive behavior regarding fleas and flea-borne diseases (FBDs) in Bangladesh is limited. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of cat owners regarding flea infestation and flea-borne diseases in selected areas of central Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from November 2025 to July 2026 among 238 cat owners attending veterinary clinics in Savar, Dhamrai and Manikganj Upazila. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire covering respondent characteristics, flea biology and transmission, perceived risks, and flea-prevention and control practices. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the findings, and respondents were classified according to their overall KAP scores. Results: Of the respondents, 47.1% owned cats with outdoor access and 77.7% reported that their pets had previously experienced flea infestation. Although 65.5% used flea-control treatments, awareness of zoonotic and disease-transmission risks was limited. Only 14.7% recognized that fleas can parasitize humans, while 17.6% knew that fleas can transmit infectious agents. Overall, 83.2% of respondents had poor knowledge, whereas 69.7% demonstrated moderate attitudes and 63.9% showed moderate practices. Good knowledge and good practice were uncommon, accounting for only 3.8% and 4.6% of respondents, respectively. Veterinary recommendation was the most frequently reported motivation for using flea-control products. Conclusions: Cat owners attending in the surveyed areas frequently reported flea exposure and treatment use, but substantial gaps remained in their understanding of flea biology, zoonotic potential and comprehensive control. Targeted veterinary education emphasizing routine prevention, treatment of all susceptible household animals and environmental management is needed. These findings provide regional baseline evidence and should not be interpreted as nationally representative. Keywords: Bangladesh; cat owners; ectoparasites; flea-borne diseases; flea control; knowledge, attitudes and practices; One Health.