In Togo, the cities of Lomé and Kara are undergoing rapid urbanisation driven by strong population growth and the expansion of urban built-up areas, leading to significant reductions in urban green spaces (UGSs). UGSs are vital for climate regulation and human well-being by mitigating urban heat, improving air quality, and supporting mental health. This urban expansion directly replaces vegetated areas with impervious surfaces, diminishing UGS and their associated ecosystem services. Consequently, climatic vulnerability has increased, highlighting the need for sustainable urban development and UGS conservation. This study examines UGS spatiotemporal dynamics using Landsat imagery from 1988, 2000, 2012, and 2022, applying a supervised image classification approach with the maximum likelihood algorithm. Post-classification change detection quantified UGS loss. Additionally, vulnerability models for 2022, 2060, and 2100 were developed using Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP 2.45 and SSP 5.85) and a multifactorial modelling approach. The results reveal a decline in UGSs from 85.98% to 40.78% in Lomé and from 93.99% to 36.68% in Kara between 1988 and 2022, primarily due to urbanisation. Vulnerable zones, currently in UGSs, risk disappearance by 2060–2100, exacerbating climate risks. Urgent measures are needed, including conservation policies, UGS creation, and community awareness to promote urban sustainability.

The cities of Lomé and Kara in Togo are undergoing rapid urbanisation due to strong demographic pressure, leading to a reduction in Urban Green Spaces (UGSs), which are essential for climate regulation and urban well-being. This situation highlights the climatic vulnerability of these areas, making it imperative to reconcile urban development and the preservation of UGSs for urban sustainability. This study contributes to the sustainable conservation of UGSs in Togo. More specifically, it uses Landsat images from 1988_2000_2012_2022 to analyse the spatiotemporal dynamics of UGSs in Lomé and Kara and develops vulnerability models in 2022 and for the 2060 and 2100 horizons based on SSP 2.45 and SSP 5.85 climate scenarios via the multifactorial method. The results revealed a reduction in UGSs in Lomé (from 85.98% in 1988 to 40.78% in 2022) and Kara (from 93.99% to 36.68%), mainly due to urban expansion. Low- and medium-vulnerability zones, often located in UGSs, will likely disappear by 2060 and 2100, accentuating urban climatic vul-nerability. Hence, there is an urgent need to implement conservation policies, create new UGSs, and increase awareness among city dwellers.