Low temperature during early spring severely impairs maize germination, leading to significant yield losses. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying cold tolerance at the germination stage, we compared two cold-tolerant maize inbred lines (AM and CM) with a cold-sensitive line (BM) under control (25 °C) and chilling (6 °C) conditions. Phenotypic observations showed that AM and CM maintained high germination rates and exhibited enhanced coleoptile elongation under cold stress, whereas BM displayed substantial growth inhibition. Cold-tolerant lines accumulated less malondialdehyde and showed markedly higher SOD and POD activities, indicating a stronger antioxidant defense. Transcriptome profiling revealed that cold tolerance is associated with a more robust transcriptional response in AM and CM, characterized by significant activation of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Among the differentially expressed genes, the class III peroxidase gene ZmPER5 was strongly upregulated in AM and CM but only weakly induced in BM, suggesting its central role in reinforcing the cell wall structure and enhancing ROS-scavenging capacity under chilling conditions. Other lignin- and flavonoid-related genes, including ZmHCT4 and ZmCYP75, also exhibited genotype-specific induction patterns consistent with cold tolerance. qRT-PCR validation confirmed the RNA-seq expression trends. These results demonstrate that maize cold tolerance during germination relies on the coordinated enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activity, activation of phenylpropanoid-derived lignin biosynthesis, and accumulation of protective flavonoids. The identified candidate genes, especially ZmPER5, provide valuable targets for improving cold tolerance in maize breeding.

Lodging is a key factor affecting maize yield and harvestability. This study utilized Reid population baselines and their improved lines as female parents and No-Reid population baselines and their improved lines as male parents to form 48 incomplete diallel crosses. The genetic improvement effects, combining ability, and heterosis of three lodging resistance-related traits (stem tension, puncture strength, and crushing strength at the third internode) were analyzed. Regarding genetic improvement, the results indicated that all three traits were significantly improved in the improved lines compared to the baselines, with improvements increasing in each round. Combining ability analysis showed positive general combining ability (GCA) effects for the improved lines J133A, JM25, JM115, and JM1895 in all three traits, with higher GCA values than the baselines and first-round improved lines. Heterosis analysis revealed the highest advantages for the combinations J133A × JM115 (stem tension), JM25 × JM115 (crushing strength), and J133A × J1865 (puncture strength). These findings suggest that the improved female lines J133A and JM25, along with male lines JM115 and JM1895, not only possess strong lodging resistance but also exhibit high yield potential in the cross J133A × JM115, offering new materials and varieties for maize mechanization.