We evaluated the iodine nutritional status and related factors among school-age children based on the 2016 National Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children and Lactating Women; 3808 children from Hebei, Guangxi, and Zhejiang province were included in the study. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), body mass index (BMI), vitamin A (VA), and vitamin D (VD) were measured. The abnormal rate of UIC and TSH were assessed. Relationships between UIC/TSH and the possible factors were analyzed. The overall median UIC was 185.14 µg/L, and the median UIC of children aged 8–10 was 164.60 µg/L. Prevalence of iodine deficiency and excess was 13.84% and 14.36%, respectively, and 12.87% of children showed TSH excess. UIC, as well as the abnormal rates of iodine deficiency (ID) and TSH, were significantly different among the three provinces. The median UICs and excess rates increased with age, reaching 211.45 µg/L and 21.35% at age of 14~, while TSH showed the opposite trend. Overweight children tended to have lower UIC and higher TSH. Higher UIC and TSH were found in VA sufficient group (p < 0.01). Further, the VD deficient group had a higher TSH compared to the sufficient group (p < 0.01). Moreover, UI and TSH distribution was obviously different among different vitamin A/D status (p < 0.05). Although the median UIC of school-age children was optimal, there were pockets of inadequate and excessive UI in the three provinces. Compared to the national IDD monitoring results in 2014, the iodine nutritional status of children was greatly improved. Considerations of region, age, BMI, VA, or VD are needed in the future iodine evaluation and surveillance.

Background/Objectives: Precise prevention strategies for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are an urgent public health priority. This study aimed to investigate the association of the Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index and alcohol consumption, as well as their interaction, with the risk of MCI. Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020, involving 1084 individuals aged ≥55 years, in Zhejiang Province, China. Data were collected on demographics, cognitive function, alcohol consumption, depression scale, dietary intake and physical examinations. The Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index (CDAI) was calculated based on the converted Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) Food Composition Tables and the data of the FFQ. CDAI values were divided into four groups by interquartile ranges: Quartile-1 (Q1), Quartile-2 (Q2), Quartile-3 (Q3) and Quartile-4 (Q4). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association of CDAI and alcohol consumption with MCI risk and their interaction. Results: The prevalence of MCI was 24.6%. After adjusting for gender, age, educational level, job, marriage, Body Mass Index (BMI), central obesity, frequency of social activities, depression, sleep disturbances, smoking, diabetes, and energy intake, the Q2 (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.42~0.95), Q3 (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.34~0.81) and Q4 (OR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.14~0.48) of CDAI were significantly associated a reduced risk of MCI. In contrast, alcohol consumption 1~2 times per week (OR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.02~5.59) and at least 3 times a month (OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.19~3.50) was significantly associated with an increased risk of MCI. Interaction analysis indicated a negative additive interaction between alcohol consumption and CDAI on MCI risk, with the detrimental effects of alcohol predominating. Conclusions: A higher CDAI is associated with a reduced risk of MCI, while alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk. There may be a negative additive interaction between CDAI and alcohol intake in relation to MCI. Targeted strategies that reduce alcohol consumption and improve dietary antioxidant intake are essential for MCI prevention.

Background: Little is known about variation in vitamin B12 and folate status among Chinese women 2 years postpartum. This study assessed intake of vitamin B12 and folate and biomarkers of nutrient status among Chinese women postpartum. Methods: Demographic information, multi-/single-nutrient supplementation, dietary data, serum vitamin B12 and serum folate were assessed in 982 women within 2 years postpartum, using ten investigation sites in Zhejiang Province from the National Nutritional Study 2016–2017, which is a nationally representative cross-sectional study, to form a representative provincial sample of Zhejiang Province. The dietary diversity score (DDS) was used for assessing the dietary pattern. Results: Vitamin B12 increased slightly at the early stage of postpartum and then dropped over time. Serum folate level elevated with postpartum time. The median serum vitamin B12 concentration was 494.59 (373.21–650.20) pg/mL, and folate was 7.58 (5.02–10.34) ng/mL. Correspondingly, vitamin B12 levels suggesting marginal deficiency (200–300 pg/mL) and deficiency (<200 pg/mL) resulted as 9.27% and 3.26%, respectively, and folate level suggesting deficiency (<3 ng/mL) was 9.16%. Multi-/single-nutrient supplementation during pregnancy was associated with log-transformed serum vitamin B12 and folate level after adjusting for potential confounders (vitamin B12: ß (SE) = 0.124 (0.028), p < 0.001; folate: 0.128 (0.035), <0.001). Additionally, postpartum nutrient supplementation was associated with log-transformed serum folate level, especially for lactating women (ß (SE) = 0.204 (0.062), p = 0.001). Increased DDS was significantly associated with elevated serum vitamin B12 and folate levels (vitamin B12: ß (SE) = 0.028 (0.011), p = 0.011; folate: 0.030 (0.014), 0.031). In addition, age and educational level were influencing factors for serum vitamin B12 and folate concentrations among postpartum women. Conclusion: Serum vitamin B12 level decreased and folate level increased with postpartum age among Chinese women. Nutrient supplementation during pregnancy was related to elevated serum vitamin B12 and folate concentrations. Postpartum nutrient supplementation was associated with the increased serum folate level of lactating women. Dietary diversity was related to increased serum vitamin B12 and folate levels, especially among postpartum women with younger age and lower educational level.

Background/Objectives: Sex differences in nutrition-related determinants of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) exist among the elderly. This study aimed to explore sex-specific influencing factors of MCI. Methods: A case–control study was conducted in 2020 involving 1086 elderly people aged 55 years and above from four sites in Zhejiang Province, China. Data on demographics, cognitive assessment, depression scale, daily food intake, and physical examinations were collected. The assessment of plant-based diet patterns depended on an overall plant-based diet index (PDI), a healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI), and an unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI). Multivariate logistic regression models were employed to assess the determinants of MCI in females and males. Results: Among 571 females, 141 (24.7%) had MCI, and 126 (24.5%) had MCI among 514 male participants. In females, the multivariate analysis revealed that being unmarried/divorced/widowed (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.10–3.45), having depression (OR = 6.06, 95% CI: 1.87–19.66), and having a uPDI score ≥ 55 (OR = 2.41, 95% CI: 1.50–3.89) were associated with a significantly elevated risk of MCI. Conversely, a cereal consumption of ≥300 g/d (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.19–0.53) was linked to a significantly reduced risk. In males, vegetable consumption ≥ 150 g/d (OR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.23–0.66), vegetable oil consumption ≥ 22 g/d (OR = 0.502, 95% CI: 0.307–0.820), and cereal consumption ≥ 300 g/d (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.27–0.71) were associated with a lower MCI risk. Meanwhile, rural residence (OR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.12–3.25) and advanced age, especially 75 years old and above (OR = 4.71, 95% CI: 2.44–9.12), were also risk factors in males. Notably, the Restricted Cubic Spline (RCS) model showed that females with a uPDI score < 55 had a lower prevalence of MCI, while those with a score ≥ 55 faced a higher risk. Conclusions: This study indicates potential sex disparities in the risk factors for MCI. Future research should prospectively establish causal relationships. Additionally, precise intervention strategies are urgently needed.

Background/Objectives: The Jiangnan diet—a traditional dietary pattern prevalent in Eastern China—is a newly proposed dietary pattern. This study provides additional epidemiological evidence for the promotion of the Jiangnan diet through examining the association between the Jiangnan diet and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study was carried out during 2020 among 1084 community-dwelling adults aged 55 years and above across multiple sites in Zhejiang Province, China. Data collection encompassed basic information of the population, cognition (using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment), dietary intake information (using the Food Frequency Questionnaire, FFQ), life pattern, depressive symptoms (using the Mental Health Assessment Scale for the Elderly), and physical examinations (e.g., height, weight). The dietary patterns were assessed using a validated semi-quantitative FFQ. Factor analysis was used to analyze the 16 categories of food intake of the participants, and dietary patterns and the “Jiangnan diet” were extracted. The Jiangnan diet scores were categorized into quartiles: Q1 (lowest) to Q4 (highest). Multivariate logistic regression was employed to examine the association between adherence to the Jiangnan diet and the prevalence of MCI, with results expressed as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: The estimated prevalence of MCI in the study population was 24.6%. The dietary pattern characterized by whole grains, low salt, and low oil was identified as the “Jiangnan diet”. Participants with the highest adherence to the “Jiangnan diet” pattern had 79.2% lower odds of MCI than those with the lowest adherence (odds ratio = 0.208, 95% CI = 0.120~0.362, p < 0.0001) after adjusting for age, frequency of social activities, depression, hypertension, alcohol consumption, and energy intake. Conclusions: High adherence to the Jiangnan diet was associated with lower odds of MCI. To further verify the relationship between the Jiangnan diet and MCI, future studies will focus on longitudinal research exploring different dietary patterns and disease outcomes across various regions.

Background/Objectives: Little is known about anemia prevalence and iron reserve status among Chinese women within 2-year postpartum. This study aimed to assess the status of iron deficiency anemia and iron reserve in women within2-year postpartum, and to explore the influencing factors of anemia and the impact on the offspring. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 977 women within 2 years postpartum in 10 sites from 2016 to 2017 in Zhejiang Province, China. Information on demographics, nutrient supplementation and diet was collected. Whole blood hemoglobin, serum ferritin and transferrin receptor were assessed for all women and whole blood hemoglobin was assessed in offspring. The multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the determinants of anemia and the impact on the offspring. Results: Among 977 participants144, (14.74%) had anemia. The analysis of influence factors of anemia in women within two years postpartum showed that intaking iron supplements during pregnancy (OR（95%CI）:(0.549 (0.350~0.860)), and sufficient intake of red meat (OR（95%CI）:0.647 (0.437~0.958)), were protective factors for anemia in postpartum women. Anemia during pregnancy (OR（95%CI）:Mild anemia: 2.754 (1.844~4.113), Moderate or severe anemia: 3.815 (1.564~9.309)) postpartum age > 7 months (OR（95%CI）:1.717 (1.112~2.650)) and abnormal serum ferritin (OR（95%CI）: 11.931 (4.846~29.379)) and transferrin receptor levels (OR（95%CI）: 1.817 (1.050~3.145)) were risk factors for postpartum anemia. The analysis of influence on offsprings showed that mother intaking iron supplements during pregnancy (OR（95%CI）: 0.602(0.403~0.899))was protective factors for anemia in offsprings. Maternal anemia during pregnancy (OR（95%CI）: Mild anemia: 1.456(0.994~2.133), Moderate or severe anemia: 2.961(1.242~7.058)), age > 6 months (OR（95%CI）: 6~12 month: 7.671(4.291~13.713) , 12~24 month: 6.448(3.205~12.974)), and breastfeeding (OR（95%CI）: Breastfed and weaning: 0.455(0.281~0.736) , Never breastfeed: 0.365(0.135~0.986)) were risk factors for offsprings. Conclusions: The status of anemia in postpartum women was severe and worthy of attention. Meanwhile, its impact on the anemia of their offspring also cannot be ignored. Diagnosis of anemia or lack of iron supplementation in pregnancy might increase the risks of anemia in postpartum women and their offspring. The risk of anemia on t offsprings might increase if their mother suffering anemia or no iron supplementation during pregnancy. The postpartum women whose postpartum age > 9 months or had insufficient intake of red meat, abnormal serum ferritin and transferrin receptor levels were identified as high-risk groups for anemia. Breastfeeding and >6 months after birth were a risk factor for offspring anemia, therefore iron supplementation should be carried out in a timely manner.