Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of synthetic chemicals characterized by exceptional stability and potential for bioaccumulation. Ubiquitous in the environment, PFAS can enter the human body through water, air, and dietary sources. Exposure to PFAS has been linked to various adverse health effects, including cancer, endocrine disruption, and reproductive and developmental toxicities. Emerging evidence suggests potential interactions between PFAS exposure and vitamin levels in the human body. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the associations between PFAS and various vitamins, elucidates potential underlying mechanisms, and offers insights for the development of targeted nutritional interventions.

Background/Objectives: Precise prevention strategies for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are an urgent public health priority. This study aimed to investigate the association of the Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index and alcohol consumption, as well as their interaction, with the risk of MCI. Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020, involving 1084 individuals aged ≥55 years, in Zhejiang Province, China. Data were collected on demographics, cognitive function, alcohol consumption, depression scale, dietary intake and physical examinations. The Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index (CDAI) was calculated based on the converted Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) Food Composition Tables and the data of the FFQ. CDAI values were divided into four groups by interquartile ranges: Quartile-1 (Q1), Quartile-2 (Q2), Quartile-3 (Q3) and Quartile-4 (Q4). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association of CDAI and alcohol consumption with MCI risk and their interaction. Results: The prevalence of MCI was 24.6%. After adjusting for gender, age, educational level, job, marriage, Body Mass Index (BMI), central obesity, frequency of social activities, depression, sleep disturbances, smoking, diabetes, and energy intake, the Q2 (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.42~0.95), Q3 (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.34~0.81) and Q4 (OR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.14~0.48) of CDAI were significantly associated a reduced risk of MCI. In contrast, alcohol consumption 1~2 times per week (OR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.02~5.59) and at least 3 times a month (OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.19~3.50) was significantly associated with an increased risk of MCI. Interaction analysis indicated a negative additive interaction between alcohol consumption and CDAI on MCI risk, with the detrimental effects of alcohol predominating. Conclusions: A higher CDAI is associated with a reduced risk of MCI, while alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk. There may be a negative additive interaction between CDAI and alcohol intake in relation to MCI. Targeted strategies that reduce alcohol consumption and improve dietary antioxidant intake are essential for MCI prevention.

Background/Objectives: Plant-based diets are associated with reduced chronic disease risk, though regional variations persist. In Zhejiang, China, where plant-based food intake is high, this study aimed to explore the association between plant-based diets and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adults aged 35–75. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the 2024 Zhejiang Nutrition and Health Survey (ZJNHS). Three plant-based diet indices were calculated: the overall plant-based diet index (PDI), healthy plant-based diet index (hPDI), and unhealthy plant-based diet index (uPDI). Multivariate logistic regression models evaluated associations between diet index quintiles and MetS and its components. Results: Among the 4695 participants included in the study, 23.9% (n = 1122) had MetS. After adjusting for demographic and lifestyle factors, individuals in the highest uPDI quintile showed a significantly higher MetS risk compared to the lowest quintile (OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.08–1.73, p-trend = 0.013). Subgroup analyses revealed significant gender interaction (p for interaction < 0.001), with women exhibiting elevated MetS risk (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.04, p < 0.001). For MetS components, the highest uPDI quintile was associated with increased risks of abdominal obesity (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.05–1.66; p-trend = 0.032), elevated blood pressure (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.12–1.78; p-trend = 0.003), and elevated fasting glucose (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.01–1.59; p-trend = 0.037). Conclusions: Unhealthy plant-based foods are associated with increased MetS risk, particularly in women. Reducing intake of such foods, considering sex differences, and implementing precision nutrition interventions are essential.